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General Introduction 16 Ten ORs have been identified by degenerate PCR of male moth antennae from eight different Ostrinia species. The B.mori homologues of BmOR1 and BmOR2 have been identified from O. scapulalis and O. latipennis, while only the BmOR1 homologue has been identified in O. furnacalis, O. palustralis, O. zaguliaevi, O. zealis, O. ovalipennis and O. nubilalis. A further five ORs (BmOR2 homologue and four more candidate PRs named OnOr3–6) have been identified from a male antennae EST library of O. nubilalis, bringing the total number of Ostrinia ORs identified to date to 15 (Wanner et al., 2010). Functional analysis of O. scapulalis OR1 (OscaOR1) and O. latipennis OR1 (OlatOR1) in X. laevis oocytes revealed them to bind (E)-11- tetradecenol, a sex pheromone component of O. latipennis (Miura et al., 2009). O. nubulalis OR6 binds Z11-tetradecenyl acetate, a sex pheromone component of Ostrinia species, while OnOr1, 3 and 5 bind four sex pheromonal components (Z11- and E11- tetradecenyl acetate, and Z12- and E12- tetradecenyl acetate) and the behavioural antagonist Z9-tetradecenyl acetate of Ostrinia species (Wanner et al., 2010). In the giant silkmoth, A. polyphemus, a candidate PR (ApolOR1) has been identified from the screening of a cDNA library (Forstner et al., 2009). ApolOR1 is male antennae specific in its expression and found only in sensilla trichodea. Functional characterisation showed that it bound the pheromone components of A. polyphemus, (E,Z)-6,11-hexadecadienyl acetate, (E,Z)-6,11-hexadecadienal and (E,Z)-4,9- tetradecadienyl acetate (Meng et al., 1989; Forstner et al., 2009). A summary of the moth PRs and the sex pheromone component each binds is given in Table 1.1.
General Introduction 17 Table 1.1: Summary of the moth pheromone receptors identified and characterised to date, together with their sex pheromone binding components. Where more than one sex pheromone component is given, the component marked with * is the pheromone component bound by the corresponding PR. O. nubulalis OR1, 3 and 5 bind all the four corresponding pheromone components given. Moth and Reference study H. virescens (Vetter and Baker, 1983) B. mori (Kaissling and Kasang, 1978) A.polyphemus (Meng et al., 1989) P. xylostella (Mitsuno et al., 2008) D. indica (Mitsuno et al., 2008) M. separate (Mitsuno et al., 2008) O. scapulalis (Miura et al., 2009) O. latipennis (Miura et al., 2009) O. nubulalis OR1 OR3 OR5 PR Sex pheromone component bound by corresponding PR Percentage of pheromone blend component HvOR6 (Z)-9-tetradecenal 5 HvOR13 (Z)-11-hexadecenal 73 HvOR14 (Z)-11-hexadecenyl acetate Produced by H. subflexa HvOR16 (Z)-11-hexadecen-1-ol 1 BmOR1 Bombykol 90 BmOR3 Bombykal 10 ApolOR1 *(E,Z)-6,11-hexadecadienyl acetate 90 (E,Z)-6,11-hexadecadienal 10 (E,Z)-4,9-tetradecadienyl acetate Trace amounts PxOR1 *(Z)-11-hexadecenal 50 (Z)-11-hexadecenyl acetate 50 (Z)-11-hexadecen-1-ol Trace amounts DiOR1 *(E)-11-Hexadecenal 66.1 (E,E)-10,12-hexadecadienal 32.6 MsOR1 *(Z)-11-hexadecenyl acetate 55.8 (Z)-11-hexadecen-1-ol 29.2 OR1 (E)-11-tetradecenol Not the sex pheromone for this moth but is for O. latipennis OR1 (E)-11-tetradecenol Unknown Z11- and E11- tetradecenyl acetate, and Z12- and E12tetradecenyl acetate OR6 Z11-tetradecenyl acetate 97:3 (Z11-, Z12- : E11-, E12)
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Page 3 and 4: Abstract Abstract Olfaction or the
Page 5 and 6: Acknowledgements Acknowledgements I
Page 7 and 8: Contents v Contents Abstract……
Page 9 and 10: Contents 4.2.5 Degenerate PCR .....
Page 11 and 12: List of Figures List of Figures Fig
Page 13 and 14: List of Tables List of Tables Table
Page 15 and 16: List of Abbreviations gDNA Genomic
Page 17 and 18: 1.1 General overview 1 General Intr
Page 19 and 20: General Introduction 3 moth in loca
Page 21 and 22: General Introduction 5 Figure 1.1:
Page 23 and 24: General Introduction 7 1.5 Componen
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Page 39 and 40: General Introduction 23 the attract
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The roles of Epiphyas postvittana G
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4.1 Introduction 4 Identification o
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Identification of putative odorant
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Microarray OR 454 Transcriptome OR
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5.1 Introduction 5 Concluding Discu
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Concluding Discussion 127 VOBA sett
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Concluding Discussion 129 redundant
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Concluding Discussion 131 against t
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Concluding Discussion 133 sequencin
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Appendix B 135 Buffered TB (Sambroo
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Appendix C 137 C. Appendix C - Clus
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Appendix D 139 D. Appendix D - Solu
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Appendix E 141 I II
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Appendix E 143 V
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Appendix E 145 VII continued Figure
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References 147 Ansebo, L., Ignell,
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References 149 Butenandt, A., Beckm
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References 151 Fedurco, M., Romieu,
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References 153 Große-Wilde, E., St
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References 155 Hrdy, I., F. Kuldova
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References 157 Kaissling, K. E. (19
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References 159 Krieger, J., Große-
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References 161 Lopez-Gomez, R. and
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References 163 Miura, N., Nakagawa,
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References 165 Pell, J. K., Macaula
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References 167 Røstelien, T., Stra
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References 169 Stowers, L. and Loga
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References 171 Turner, C. T., Davy,
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References 173 Vogt, R. G., Riddifo
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References 175 Widmayer, P., Heifet
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