Gamma Rays and CarbonIon-Beams Irradiation for Mutation ...

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finding resistance to these pests and diseases but not compromising quality of the fruit and traits such as parthenocarpy. Black Sigatoka is one of the most serious diseases of banana and plantain. Classic symptoms include initial appearance of brown flecks, which enlarge to form necrotic lesions with yellow haloes and light grey centers. Lesions can coalesce and destroy large areas of leaf tissue, which results in reduced yields, and premature ripening of fruit (Jones and Maurichon, 1993). It is noted in almost all the musacea production regions in the world and is considered as one of the most devastating diseases affecting this crop (Aguirre et al., 1999). Black Sigatoka was first recognized in 1963 in Fiji. Subsequently, the disease was reported to be present throughout the areas around the Pacific, including Asia. In Latin America, it was identified in Honduras in 1972. In Africa, the first recorded incidence was in Gabon in 1978, in Australia this disease caused damage to the banana industry in 1924, but still the worldwide distribution is undoubtedly underestimated (Jones and Maurichon, 1993; Aguirre et al., 1999). In Costa Rica, the control of this disease has totaled to more than $ 17 million/year (US). In Central America, Colombia and Mexico, it surpassed $ 350 million (US) in the last eight years. Large fruit producing companies must spray fungicide mixtures in 14 cycles annually to control black Sigatoka, spending up to 30% of their gross income (Strobel et al., 1993). Systemic fungicides provide effective control in commercial plantations but their effects on environment must be concerned (Jones and Maurichon, 1993). Environmental scientists have long identified the application of fungicides through spraying by airplanes as detrimental to workers and local population’s health (FAO, 2001a). Related to Panama disease (Fusarium oxisporum, race 1 and 4), race 4 may prove to be an even more destructive foe than black Sigatoka. 5
Although it is now found only in Australia, Taiwan, South Africa and the Canary Islands, the soil-borne fungus is spreading rapidly. Race 4 is a killer disease that wipes out crops completely and cannot be controlled by existing fungicides. The only counter measure is genetic resistance (Hibler and Hardy, 1998). Banana Bunchy Top Virus (BBTV) is one of the most serious diseases of banana. Once established, it is extremely difficult to eradicate or manage. BBTV is widespread in Southeast Asia, the Philippines, Taiwan, most of the South Pacific islands, and parts of India and Africa. BBTV does not occur in Central or South America. The virus is spread from plant to plant by aphids and from place to place by people transporting planting materials obtained from infected plants. So far, there is no cure for BBTV. Some banana varieties, like the ‘Cavendish’ types, are more readily infected by the virus, but no varieties of banana are resistant. Banana plants with symptoms rarely bear fruit, and because they are reservoirs of the virus, must be destroyed. The most important factors controlling banana bunchy top virus are to kill the aphid vector (disease carrier) and to rough (removing and destroying) infected banana plants (CTAHR, 1997). BBTV infected plants with advanced symptoms have a rosetted appearance with narrow, upright and progressively shorter leaves, giving rise to the common name “bunchy top”. The leaf edges often roll upwards and show a marginal yellowing. Dark green streaks are often found on the midrib and petiole, extending downwards into the pseudostem. The most diagnostic symptoms are short dark green dots and dashes along the minor leaf veins, which form hooks as they enter the edge of the midrib (Thomas et al., 1994). Burrowing nematode (Radopholus similis) is among of the most destructive root pathogens which attacking bananas in tropical production zone. Vegetative propagation using infested corms or suckers has 6
Page 1 and 2: Gamma Rays and Carbon Ion-Beams Irr
Page 3 and 4: Table of contents Chapter 1 1.1. In
Page 5 and 6: 4.2.1.1. Cultivars of banana……
Page 7 and 8: and ‘Valery’, which are exporte
Page 9: ‘Cavendish Enano’, ‘Williams
Page 13 and 14: varieties bred at the Jamaican prog
Page 15 and 16: such as ‘Paka’ (AA) and ‘Pisa
Page 17 and 18: Resistance (PR). In connection with
Page 19 and 20: large number of improved mutant cro
Page 21 and 22: which migrated faster (Rf = 0.44) t
Page 23 and 24: is juglone (5 hydroxy-1,4-napthoqui
Page 25 and 26: experiments involving various biolo
Page 27 and 28: Tanaka (1999) reported novel genes
Page 29 and 30: 2. 1. Materials and Methods Chapter
Page 31 and 32: 2. 1. 1. 4. FHIA-01 ‘FHIA-01’(M
Page 33 and 34: (Gamma room)” and “Carbon ion-b
Page 35 and 36: esulting from “Gamma Room” expe
Page 37 and 38: traits as female sterility and part
Page 39 and 40: 3. 2. 1. 3. Chronic irradiation ( 1
Page 41 and 42: Gy. ‘Williams’ and ‘Orito’
Page 43 and 44: a diploid clone (genomic constituti
Page 45 and 46: ‘Williams’ (93%), the necrotic
Page 47 and 48: etween the irradiation doses and th
Page 49 and 50: moment they are at the development
Page 51 and 52: A B C D Fig. 2. Cultivars of banana
Page 53 and 54: Weight of plantlets (g) Height of p
Page 55 and 56: Control 50 Gy 100 Gy 150 Gy Fig. 6.
Page 57 and 58: Control 50 Gy 100 Gy 150 Gy 200 Gy
Page 59 and 60: Survival rate (%) for LD50 Survival
Page 61 and 62:
A B C D E F Fig. 12. A plant from
Page 63 and 64:
B D AA E Fig 14. Banana meristems a
Page 65 and 66:
A B C Orito Orito Orito Cavendish E
Page 67 and 68:
No. plants No. plants No. plants No
Page 69 and 70:
Circunference (cm) Plant height (cm
Page 71 and 72:
Table 1. Differences of the plantle
Page 73 and 74:
Table 3. Differences of the surviva
Page 75 and 76:
Table 5. Selected materials reporti
Page 77 and 78:
Table 8. Factor of effectiveness an
Page 79 and 80:
deletion rather than point mutation
Page 81 and 82:
were recorded. From the results, th
Page 83 and 84:
4. 2. 2. Assessment of banana plant
Page 85 and 86:
placement among the plants (Fig. 30
Page 87 and 88:
hours, photographs of the leaf-disc
Page 89 and 90:
‘Williams’ (B) was obtained by
Page 91 and 92:
class limits values are clearly sep
Page 93 and 94:
values in ‘Cavendish Enano’ ran
Page 95 and 96:
Only a partial resistance was obser
Page 97 and 98:
Sigatoka but also fruit quality, po
Page 99 and 100:
A C Fig. 23. Banana plantlets packa
Page 101 and 102:
A C Fig. 25. Acclimatization of the
Page 103 and 104:
A C Fig. 27. Survival plantlets for
Page 105 and 106:
A C Fig. 29. Mycosphaerella fijiens
Page 107 and 108:
A C Fig. 31. Labor during transplan
Page 109 and 110:
B A Fig. 33. Establishment of the j
Page 111 and 112:
A B Fig. 35. Regenerated plantlets
Page 113 and 114:
Survival rate (%) for LD50 Survival
Page 115 and 116:
0 0.5 1 2 4 Fig 39. Banana plantlet
Page 117 and 118:
A B C Fig. 41. Regenerated explants
Page 119 and 120:
Range of optimum doses (Gy) 16 15 1
Page 121 and 122:
Percent of plants Percent of plants
Page 123 and 124:
LDNA-% LDNA-% DDP-days 100 80 60 40
Page 125 and 126:
Fig. 49. Hexaploid cells in ‘Cave
Page 127 and 128:
Table 10. Infection index (II-%), d
Page 129 and 130:
Table 12. DDP-days, II-% and LDNA-%
Page 131 and 132:
Chapter 5 General Discussion Gamma
Page 133 and 134:
FHIA-01 were not able to compare du
Page 135 and 136:
‘W 1 II 31’. In the case of ‘
Page 137 and 138:
Summary Both Gamma rays and Carbon
Page 139 and 140:
A ‘Cavendish Enano’ plant with
Page 141 and 142:
I extend my gratitude also to Dr. K
Page 143 and 144:
Cohan, J, P., C. Abadie, K. Tomekp
Page 145 and 146:
Hase, Y., M. Yamaguchi and A. Tanak
Page 147 and 148:
Molina, G. C. and J. P. Krausz (198
Page 149 and 150:
Roux, N. S. (2001). Mutation induct
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