Gamma Rays and CarbonIon-Beams Irradiation for Mutation ...

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etween the source and the irradiated plants determines the dose rate applicable. Chronic irradiations in general lead to a somewhat lower mutation frequency than the same total dose when it is administered as an acute irradiation. Gamma sources can be used to irradiate a wide range of plant material like seeds, whole plants, plant parts, freshly picked flowers on agar, anthers, pollen grains, single cell cultures or protoplasts. Cell cultures of higher organisms which consist of haploids cells show a ten times higher radiation sensitivity than diploid cells (Van Harten, 1998). Novak et al. (1990) in their research about mutation induction of banana and plantain found out that after irradiation of excised shoot-tips, Musa cultivars exhibited significant differences in radio sensitivity and post-irradiation recovery assessed as fresh weight increase. These differences were dependent on the ploidy level and the hybrid constitution by genomes A (acuminata) and B (balbisiana). A suitable exposure of Musa shoot-tips cultured in vitro as doses 20-25 Gy seem recommendable for diploid SH-3142 and doses 30-35 Gy are suitable for ‘Grand Nain’, ‘Pelipita’ and ‘Saba’. The highest dose 35-40 Gy of gamma irradiation was found suitable for mutation induction in ‘Highgate’ and tetraploid ‘SH- 3436’. The frequency of phenotypic variation ranged 30-40% of tested M1V4 plants, dependent on genotype and irradiation dose. One early- flowering plant (‘GN-60 Gy/A’) was identified among the population of ‘Grand Nain’ regenerated from shoot-tips irradiated with 60 Gy. This plant grew vigorously and began flowering after nine months in comparison with 15 months in the non-irradiated control. The same flowering time has been observed for the second and third pseudostems. In terms of protein analysis, the protein banding pattern was different between the original ‘Grand Nain’ and the mutant. Probably the most prominent difference was in the intensity (quantity) and mobility of a major protein having a molecular weight of about 33 kDa. The original clone showed a densely stained band 15
which migrated faster (Rf = 0.44) than that of the mutant ‘GN-60 Gy/A’. In addition, three other bands were not observed in the mutant, but only in the original ‘Grand Nain’. Such bands were less densely stained with and Rf value of 0.19, 0.31 and 0.64 and molecular weight of about 94 and 26 kDa, respectively (Novak et al., 1990). Regarding to the tissue culture, this technique has revolutionized banana cultivation and has replaced the use of conventional vegetative suckers in many of the intensive banana-growing regions. It is estimated that up to 50 million tissues cultured plants are produced annually. The use of tissue culture planting material can prolong the pest- free period for months or possibly years. The ubiquitous pests Radopholus similis, the burrowing nematode and Cosmopolites sordidus, the banana weevil are examples of problems that have arrived with the conventional vegetative suckers. The problem of viruses has not been solved by tissue culture and the international movement of some germplasm it will continue restricted until development of satisfactory methods of virus elimination. Banana streak virus (BSV) is a particular problem as it cannot be eliminated by the conventional techniques of heat treatment or apical tip culture (FAO, 2001a). However, Novak et al. (1990) have mentioned that in vitro culture of split shoot tips in liquid medium supported a high degree of shoot proliferation. Every 30 days, approximately 6-8 new shoots could be separated from a multiple shoot clump. This technique allowed the preparation of a sufficient amount of shoot-tips as test units for mutagenic treatment. The use of the floral axis tip from a “mother plant” versus vegetative apices from lateral buds of the same plant as a source of the primary explants were compared and contrasted. Materials from floral axis tip consistently showed high phenotypic uniformity whereas materials from vegetative apices of “sword” suckers were less so. “Virus-like symptoms” 16
Page 1 and 2: Gamma Rays and Carbon Ion-Beams Irr
Page 3 and 4: Table of contents Chapter 1 1.1. In
Page 5 and 6: 4.2.1.1. Cultivars of banana……
Page 7 and 8: and ‘Valery’, which are exporte
Page 9 and 10: ‘Cavendish Enano’, ‘Williams
Page 11 and 12: Although it is now found only in Au
Page 13 and 14: varieties bred at the Jamaican prog
Page 15 and 16: such as ‘Paka’ (AA) and ‘Pisa
Page 17 and 18: Resistance (PR). In connection with
Page 19: large number of improved mutant cro
Page 23 and 24: is juglone (5 hydroxy-1,4-napthoqui
Page 25 and 26: experiments involving various biolo
Page 27 and 28: Tanaka (1999) reported novel genes
Page 29 and 30: 2. 1. Materials and Methods Chapter
Page 31 and 32: 2. 1. 1. 4. FHIA-01 ‘FHIA-01’(M
Page 33 and 34: (Gamma room)” and “Carbon ion-b
Page 35 and 36: esulting from “Gamma Room” expe
Page 37 and 38: traits as female sterility and part
Page 39 and 40: 3. 2. 1. 3. Chronic irradiation ( 1
Page 41 and 42: Gy. ‘Williams’ and ‘Orito’
Page 43 and 44: a diploid clone (genomic constituti
Page 45 and 46: ‘Williams’ (93%), the necrotic
Page 47 and 48: etween the irradiation doses and th
Page 49 and 50: moment they are at the development
Page 51 and 52: A B C D Fig. 2. Cultivars of banana
Page 53 and 54: Weight of plantlets (g) Height of p
Page 55 and 56: Control 50 Gy 100 Gy 150 Gy Fig. 6.
Page 57 and 58: Control 50 Gy 100 Gy 150 Gy 200 Gy
Page 59 and 60: Survival rate (%) for LD50 Survival
Page 61 and 62: A B C D E F Fig. 12. A plant from
Page 63 and 64: B D AA E Fig 14. Banana meristems a
Page 65 and 66: A B C Orito Orito Orito Cavendish E
Page 67 and 68: No. plants No. plants No. plants No
Page 69 and 70: Circunference (cm) Plant height (cm
Page 71 and 72:
Table 1. Differences of the plantle
Page 73 and 74:
Table 3. Differences of the surviva
Page 75 and 76:
Table 5. Selected materials reporti
Page 77 and 78:
Table 8. Factor of effectiveness an
Page 79 and 80:
deletion rather than point mutation
Page 81 and 82:
were recorded. From the results, th
Page 83 and 84:
4. 2. 2. Assessment of banana plant
Page 85 and 86:
placement among the plants (Fig. 30
Page 87 and 88:
hours, photographs of the leaf-disc
Page 89 and 90:
‘Williams’ (B) was obtained by
Page 91 and 92:
class limits values are clearly sep
Page 93 and 94:
values in ‘Cavendish Enano’ ran
Page 95 and 96:
Only a partial resistance was obser
Page 97 and 98:
Sigatoka but also fruit quality, po
Page 99 and 100:
A C Fig. 23. Banana plantlets packa
Page 101 and 102:
A C Fig. 25. Acclimatization of the
Page 103 and 104:
A C Fig. 27. Survival plantlets for
Page 105 and 106:
A C Fig. 29. Mycosphaerella fijiens
Page 107 and 108:
A C Fig. 31. Labor during transplan
Page 109 and 110:
B A Fig. 33. Establishment of the j
Page 111 and 112:
A B Fig. 35. Regenerated plantlets
Page 113 and 114:
Survival rate (%) for LD50 Survival
Page 115 and 116:
0 0.5 1 2 4 Fig 39. Banana plantlet
Page 117 and 118:
A B C Fig. 41. Regenerated explants
Page 119 and 120:
Range of optimum doses (Gy) 16 15 1
Page 121 and 122:
Percent of plants Percent of plants
Page 123 and 124:
LDNA-% LDNA-% DDP-days 100 80 60 40
Page 125 and 126:
Fig. 49. Hexaploid cells in ‘Cave
Page 127 and 128:
Table 10. Infection index (II-%), d
Page 129 and 130:
Table 12. DDP-days, II-% and LDNA-%
Page 131 and 132:
Chapter 5 General Discussion Gamma
Page 133 and 134:
FHIA-01 were not able to compare du
Page 135 and 136:
‘W 1 II 31’. In the case of ‘
Page 137 and 138:
Summary Both Gamma rays and Carbon
Page 139 and 140:
A ‘Cavendish Enano’ plant with
Page 141 and 142:
I extend my gratitude also to Dr. K
Page 143 and 144:
Cohan, J, P., C. Abadie, K. Tomekp
Page 145 and 146:
Hase, Y., M. Yamaguchi and A. Tanak
Page 147 and 148:
Molina, G. C. and J. P. Krausz (198
Page 149 and 150:
Roux, N. S. (2001). Mutation induct
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