Gamma Rays and CarbonIon-Beams Irradiation for Mutation ...

More documents

Recommendations

Info

disseminated this pest throughout the world. Although a number of nematode species infect bananas and plantains, R. similis is considered to be the main nematode problem of intensive commercial bananas, especially Cavendish types (Sarah et al., 1996). Banana breeding started 70 years ago in Jamaica and Trinidad. Results from these and other breeding schemes have laid down the basics of banana breeding (Swennen and Vuylsteke, 1993). Most of the commercially grown banana cultivars are selections collected and distributed over the last two millennia. Breeding new varieties is tedious and only in recent years have breeders' selections been distributed and evaluated for farmer and consumer acceptability. Banana exporters have well-defined opinions on what is required in an ideal commercial banana variety and breeders have had difficulty in incorporating other important characteristics into varieties that are acceptable. All of the varieties of dessert bananas grown for export are similar, known as ‘Cavendish’ (Musa acuminata AAA). New advances in genetic engineering could enable these favored varieties to be improved through introduction of specific characters such as disease resistance without changing other attributes. There is an opinion within the international banana trade that only ‘Cavendish’ varieties have the quality that the consumer in northern hemisphere importing countries wants. Thus far consumers have not accepted bananas which taste different from ‘Cavendish’. Therefore one can expect research and development to continue its concern on ‘Cavendish’ varieties (FAO, 2001a). For the exporter, a replacement for the pest and disease susceptible ‘Cavendish’ clones must have all the positive post-harvest attributes concerning “green-life” (how long the fruit can be held in the un- ripe state), shelf-life after ripening and consumer acceptability which really means flavor but also cosmetic attractiveness. Some of the disease resistant 7
varieties bred at the Jamaican programme in the 1960s and the dessert varieties of the FHIA (Fundación Hondureña de Investigación Agrícola) program do not have the enough shelf-life and flavor comparable with ‘Cavendish’ and have not been adopted as export bananas. If consumers in tasting panels have only one impression of a banana flavor, that of ‘Cavendish’, which has been the only ripe banana on sale for most peoples' life time, it is not surprising that bananas with slightly different flavors may be less favored simply because they do not taste like a “typical” banana (FAO, 2001a). The development of the ‘FHIA-01 (Goldfinger)’ and ‘Mona Lisa’ bananas through a cross-breeding program launched in 1985 has been the most significant success in Honduras and Latin America. Working with the Honduran Foundation for Agricultural Research (FHIA) and the International Network for the Improvement of Banana and Plantain, researchers in Honduras developed and tested new hybrids of bananas and plantain that were resistant to black Sigatoka spot disease. The ‘Goldfinger’ and ‘Mona Lisa’ bananas can be cultivated in poor soil and cooler temperatures and are highly productive, growing large bunches resistant to Panama disease race 4 which attacks the most common export banana (IDRC, 2002). According to the FAO (2003), banana is essentially a clonal crop with many sterile species, which makes progress through conventional breeding slow and difficult. Because of this, new breeding methods and tools, including biotechnology, will be helpful to develop resistant bananas for cultivation. This does not necessarily mean the use of transgenics. FAO has called for the development of more diversity in the banana, especially for export bananas; promoting awareness of the inevitable consequences of a narrow genetic base in crops and the need for a broader genetic base for commercial bananas; and strengthening plant-breeding programs in 8
Page 1 and 2: Gamma Rays and Carbon Ion-Beams Irr
Page 3 and 4: Table of contents Chapter 1 1.1. In
Page 5 and 6: 4.2.1.1. Cultivars of banana……
Page 7 and 8: and ‘Valery’, which are exporte
Page 9 and 10: ‘Cavendish Enano’, ‘Williams
Page 11: Although it is now found only in Au
Page 15 and 16: such as ‘Paka’ (AA) and ‘Pisa
Page 17 and 18: Resistance (PR). In connection with
Page 19 and 20: large number of improved mutant cro
Page 21 and 22: which migrated faster (Rf = 0.44) t
Page 23 and 24: is juglone (5 hydroxy-1,4-napthoqui
Page 25 and 26: experiments involving various biolo
Page 27 and 28: Tanaka (1999) reported novel genes
Page 29 and 30: 2. 1. Materials and Methods Chapter
Page 31 and 32: 2. 1. 1. 4. FHIA-01 ‘FHIA-01’(M
Page 33 and 34: (Gamma room)” and “Carbon ion-b
Page 35 and 36: esulting from “Gamma Room” expe
Page 37 and 38: traits as female sterility and part
Page 39 and 40: 3. 2. 1. 3. Chronic irradiation ( 1
Page 41 and 42: Gy. ‘Williams’ and ‘Orito’
Page 43 and 44: a diploid clone (genomic constituti
Page 45 and 46: ‘Williams’ (93%), the necrotic
Page 47 and 48: etween the irradiation doses and th
Page 49 and 50: moment they are at the development
Page 51 and 52: A B C D Fig. 2. Cultivars of banana
Page 53 and 54: Weight of plantlets (g) Height of p
Page 55 and 56: Control 50 Gy 100 Gy 150 Gy Fig. 6.
Page 57 and 58: Control 50 Gy 100 Gy 150 Gy 200 Gy
Page 59 and 60: Survival rate (%) for LD50 Survival
Page 61 and 62: A B C D E F Fig. 12. A plant from
Page 63 and 64:
B D AA E Fig 14. Banana meristems a
Page 65 and 66:
A B C Orito Orito Orito Cavendish E
Page 67 and 68:
No. plants No. plants No. plants No
Page 69 and 70:
Circunference (cm) Plant height (cm
Page 71 and 72:
Table 1. Differences of the plantle
Page 73 and 74:
Table 3. Differences of the surviva
Page 75 and 76:
Table 5. Selected materials reporti
Page 77 and 78:
Table 8. Factor of effectiveness an
Page 79 and 80:
deletion rather than point mutation
Page 81 and 82:
were recorded. From the results, th
Page 83 and 84:
4. 2. 2. Assessment of banana plant
Page 85 and 86:
placement among the plants (Fig. 30
Page 87 and 88:
hours, photographs of the leaf-disc
Page 89 and 90:
‘Williams’ (B) was obtained by
Page 91 and 92:
class limits values are clearly sep
Page 93 and 94:
values in ‘Cavendish Enano’ ran
Page 95 and 96:
Only a partial resistance was obser
Page 97 and 98:
Sigatoka but also fruit quality, po
Page 99 and 100:
A C Fig. 23. Banana plantlets packa
Page 101 and 102:
A C Fig. 25. Acclimatization of the
Page 103 and 104:
A C Fig. 27. Survival plantlets for
Page 105 and 106:
A C Fig. 29. Mycosphaerella fijiens
Page 107 and 108:
A C Fig. 31. Labor during transplan
Page 109 and 110:
B A Fig. 33. Establishment of the j
Page 111 and 112:
A B Fig. 35. Regenerated plantlets
Page 113 and 114:
Survival rate (%) for LD50 Survival
Page 115 and 116:
0 0.5 1 2 4 Fig 39. Banana plantlet
Page 117 and 118:
A B C Fig. 41. Regenerated explants
Page 119 and 120:
Range of optimum doses (Gy) 16 15 1
Page 121 and 122:
Percent of plants Percent of plants
Page 123 and 124:
LDNA-% LDNA-% DDP-days 100 80 60 40
Page 125 and 126:
Fig. 49. Hexaploid cells in ‘Cave
Page 127 and 128:
Table 10. Infection index (II-%), d
Page 129 and 130:
Table 12. DDP-days, II-% and LDNA-%
Page 131 and 132:
Chapter 5 General Discussion Gamma
Page 133 and 134:
FHIA-01 were not able to compare du
Page 135 and 136:
‘W 1 II 31’. In the case of ‘
Page 137 and 138:
Summary Both Gamma rays and Carbon
Page 139 and 140:
A ‘Cavendish Enano’ plant with
Page 141 and 142:
I extend my gratitude also to Dr. K
Page 143 and 144:
Cohan, J, P., C. Abadie, K. Tomekp
Page 145 and 146:
Hase, Y., M. Yamaguchi and A. Tanak
Page 147 and 148:
Molina, G. C. and J. P. Krausz (198
Page 149 and 150:
Roux, N. S. (2001). Mutation induct
show all

Gamma Rays and CarbonIon-Beams Irradiation for Mutation ...

Create successful ePaper yourself

Delete template?

Save as template?