Gamma Rays and CarbonIon-Beams Irradiation for Mutation ...

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sensitivity in tissue culture systems. Juglone (C10H6O3) was the most biologically active phytotoxin, which induced the formation of necrotic lesions on all cultivars of banana and plantains at 0.1 µg. 2-carboxy-3- hydroxycinnamic acid (C10H8O5), a novel compound demonstrated some host selectivity at the 5 µg 5µL -1 level which again paralleled that of the fungus. Isoochracinic acid (C10H8O5) and 4-hydroxyscytalone (C10H10O4) were considerably less active than the other phytotoxins isolated and displayed no host selectivity. Fijiensin, previously reported as a phytotoxins from the fungus, exhibits a low level of bioactivity, and host selectivity. Toxins of M. fijiensis, have potential usefulness in plant breeding/selection programs in all parts of the world where banana and plantains are grown. The fungal pathogen causing black Sigatoka disease, attacks almost all varieties of cultivated bananas and plantains Musa spp. However, neither the reactions of host plant in relation to the pathogen nor its pathogenicity has been characterized in detail. A special significance has been attributed to fungal secondary metabolites as host-specific toxins within the pathosystem. Using in vitro conditions, the metabolites flaviolin, 2-hydroxyjuglone, juglone and 2, 4, 8-trihydroxytetralone (2, 4, 8-tht) had been determined. The results proved the importance of 2, 4, 8-tht for the development of necrotic leaf symptoms that causes host-specific reactions depending on their concentration at different moments of pathogenesis (Hoss, 1998). Cadet et al., (1995) with a short survey of the main available information on the molecular mechanisms of action of heavy ions on DNA have assumed that nucleic acids constitute one of the major targets of the deleterious effects (cell inactivation, mutation) of cosmic radiation and particularly charged heavy particles (Z>2) having a linear energy transfer (LET) higher than 50 keV/pm. This may be inferred mostly from ground 19
experiments involving various biological materials. In particular, the induction of chromosomal aberrations, mutations and neoplastic transformations was observed in various metabolically active cells from yeast and mammals. When high-frequency electromagnetic radiation or very penetrating heavy charged particles interact with biological material, a great deal of energy is dissipated in the cell. In addition, the interaction of ionizing radiation free or bound water molecules leads to the generation of reactive oxygen species such as hydroxyl radicals. The radical reactions arising from the direct and indirect effects of gamma radiation or X-rays lead to various chemical modifications, which, in the case of DNA model compounds, are at least partly known: single- and double-strand DNA breaks, purine and pyrimidine base lesions, DNA-protein cross-links. However, it should be noted that the bulk of the modifications arising from exposure of cellular DNA to sparsely ionizing radiation remains, for the most part, unknown. The use of high LET radiation provided by accelerators has allowed investigations of DNA damage at the cellular level. In particular, DNA double-strand cleavages and chromatin breaks have been measured by using sensitive techniques in bacterial and mammalian cells. Induction of DNA double-strand breaks in cells has been found to be linear with dose for all heavy ions investigated. Ottolenghi et al. (1999) in their studies about chromosome aberration induction by ionizing radiation mentioned that a large number of experimental data sets showed visual chromosome aberrations at the first post-irradiation mitosis due to chromosome breakage and illegitimate reunion of the pieces (misrejoining or misrepair) if cells are exposed to ionizing radiation during the G0/G1 phase of the cycle. If all chromosomes are stained with the same color (Giemsa staining), the following three main categories of aberrations are detectable: (i) dicentrics, produced by two breaks on two distinct chromosomes (inter- chromosome exchanges); (ii) 20
Page 1 and 2: Gamma Rays and Carbon Ion-Beams Irr
Page 3 and 4: Table of contents Chapter 1 1.1. In
Page 5 and 6: 4.2.1.1. Cultivars of banana……
Page 7 and 8: and ‘Valery’, which are exporte
Page 9 and 10: ‘Cavendish Enano’, ‘Williams
Page 11 and 12: Although it is now found only in Au
Page 13 and 14: varieties bred at the Jamaican prog
Page 15 and 16: such as ‘Paka’ (AA) and ‘Pisa
Page 17 and 18: Resistance (PR). In connection with
Page 19 and 20: large number of improved mutant cro
Page 21 and 22: which migrated faster (Rf = 0.44) t
Page 23: is juglone (5 hydroxy-1,4-napthoqui
Page 27 and 28: Tanaka (1999) reported novel genes
Page 29 and 30: 2. 1. Materials and Methods Chapter
Page 31 and 32: 2. 1. 1. 4. FHIA-01 ‘FHIA-01’(M
Page 33 and 34: (Gamma room)” and “Carbon ion-b
Page 35 and 36: esulting from “Gamma Room” expe
Page 37 and 38: traits as female sterility and part
Page 39 and 40: 3. 2. 1. 3. Chronic irradiation ( 1
Page 41 and 42: Gy. ‘Williams’ and ‘Orito’
Page 43 and 44: a diploid clone (genomic constituti
Page 45 and 46: ‘Williams’ (93%), the necrotic
Page 47 and 48: etween the irradiation doses and th
Page 49 and 50: moment they are at the development
Page 51 and 52: A B C D Fig. 2. Cultivars of banana
Page 53 and 54: Weight of plantlets (g) Height of p
Page 55 and 56: Control 50 Gy 100 Gy 150 Gy Fig. 6.
Page 57 and 58: Control 50 Gy 100 Gy 150 Gy 200 Gy
Page 59 and 60: Survival rate (%) for LD50 Survival
Page 61 and 62: A B C D E F Fig. 12. A plant from
Page 63 and 64: B D AA E Fig 14. Banana meristems a
Page 65 and 66: A B C Orito Orito Orito Cavendish E
Page 67 and 68: No. plants No. plants No. plants No
Page 69 and 70: Circunference (cm) Plant height (cm
Page 71 and 72: Table 1. Differences of the plantle
Page 73 and 74: Table 3. Differences of the surviva
Page 75 and 76:
Table 5. Selected materials reporti
Page 77 and 78:
Table 8. Factor of effectiveness an
Page 79 and 80:
deletion rather than point mutation
Page 81 and 82:
were recorded. From the results, th
Page 83 and 84:
4. 2. 2. Assessment of banana plant
Page 85 and 86:
placement among the plants (Fig. 30
Page 87 and 88:
hours, photographs of the leaf-disc
Page 89 and 90:
‘Williams’ (B) was obtained by
Page 91 and 92:
class limits values are clearly sep
Page 93 and 94:
values in ‘Cavendish Enano’ ran
Page 95 and 96:
Only a partial resistance was obser
Page 97 and 98:
Sigatoka but also fruit quality, po
Page 99 and 100:
A C Fig. 23. Banana plantlets packa
Page 101 and 102:
A C Fig. 25. Acclimatization of the
Page 103 and 104:
A C Fig. 27. Survival plantlets for
Page 105 and 106:
A C Fig. 29. Mycosphaerella fijiens
Page 107 and 108:
A C Fig. 31. Labor during transplan
Page 109 and 110:
B A Fig. 33. Establishment of the j
Page 111 and 112:
A B Fig. 35. Regenerated plantlets
Page 113 and 114:
Survival rate (%) for LD50 Survival
Page 115 and 116:
0 0.5 1 2 4 Fig 39. Banana plantlet
Page 117 and 118:
A B C Fig. 41. Regenerated explants
Page 119 and 120:
Range of optimum doses (Gy) 16 15 1
Page 121 and 122:
Percent of plants Percent of plants
Page 123 and 124:
LDNA-% LDNA-% DDP-days 100 80 60 40
Page 125 and 126:
Fig. 49. Hexaploid cells in ‘Cave
Page 127 and 128:
Table 10. Infection index (II-%), d
Page 129 and 130:
Table 12. DDP-days, II-% and LDNA-%
Page 131 and 132:
Chapter 5 General Discussion Gamma
Page 133 and 134:
FHIA-01 were not able to compare du
Page 135 and 136:
‘W 1 II 31’. In the case of ‘
Page 137 and 138:
Summary Both Gamma rays and Carbon
Page 139 and 140:
A ‘Cavendish Enano’ plant with
Page 141 and 142:
I extend my gratitude also to Dr. K
Page 143 and 144:
Cohan, J, P., C. Abadie, K. Tomekp
Page 145 and 146:
Hase, Y., M. Yamaguchi and A. Tanak
Page 147 and 148:
Molina, G. C. and J. P. Krausz (198
Page 149 and 150:
Roux, N. S. (2001). Mutation induct
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