Gamma Rays and CarbonIon-Beams Irradiation for Mutation ...

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developed at CIRAD and could be mapped allowing isolation of genes (or cluster of genes) involved in the resistance to the disease. On the other hand bananas are the only known plant in which a virus (the Banana Streak Virus) imbeds pieces of itself into the banana’s own DNA, only to pop out during times of stress, reassemble itself, and cause disease. The banana genome sequence should reveal just how this virus is able to strike when the plant is most vulnerable. It may provide a powerful new tool for targeted genetic transformation. The continuous advance in high-throughput DNA automation and sequencing technologies has resulted in important breakthroughs in plant science. Banana with a haploid genome size of 500–600 Mbp, is among the smaller ones found within non-graminaceous monocotyledons. This characteristic turns banana into an interesting candidate for comparative genomics. Being a monocotyledon but distantly related to rice, banana could represent a useful comparison point between dicotyledonous and monocotyledonous genomes. In addition, a number of important traits, not present in model plants, can be functionally analyzed in banana. In parallel, partially and highly fertile wild diploids have also been adapted to the same environment, making banana a fascinating model by which to study both plant evolution and plant-pathogen co-evolution at a genomic level. An attractive example for the latter is the integration of the banana streak badnavirus in the plant genome, which can be reactivated after recombination. Similarly, the widespread presence of gypsy-like long terminal region (LTR) retroelements (200–500 copies per haploid genome and Ty1-copia-like retrotransposons makes a challenge for genome studies in banana (Aert, et al., 2004). Carreel et al., (1999) reported that the screening for resistance to black Sigatoka has led to the identification of two forms of resistance reported as High Resistance (HR, hypersensitive response) and Partial 11
Resistance (PR). In connection with the breeding program, a genome mapping approach for genetic and QTL analyses was developed to characterize the HR form. An F2 segregating population of 153 plants was obtained from a cross between two wild seeded banana accessions; Musa acuminata burmannicoides type Calcutta 4 and M. acuminata banksii type Madang. A linkage map was constructed with 110 AFLP markers in association with 39 codominant RFLP and SSR markers to anchor the linkage groups to the banana genetic core map. Results showed significant allelic distorted segregations in the F2 progeny for 58 markers which highlight the use of molecular studies for inheritance analyses. A first mapping concluded to join the markers in 11 linkage groups. Correlations made with field observations, ranked into 6 classes of infection severity, led to the identification of one RFLP marker strongly associated to the resistance and a second QTL mapped onto a different linkage group with lower significance level. Because conventional breeding programs are unlikely to produce a suitable banana cultivar to replace ‘Cavendish’, a potential alternative, which would be the development of a genetically modified ‘Cavendish’ cultivar with resistance to black Sigatoka. However, public concern about genetically modified food in North America and Europe may hinder the development of this alternative (Marin et al., 2003). Conversely, as mentioned by FAO (2001a), consumers would have concerns regarding on the possibility that genes from such traits as resistance to herbicides or insects will escape into the local flora, damaging the environment. These are controversial issues; however, since banana plants do not produce pollen, being sterile, thus the question of dispersal into the environment of genes in transformed bananas does not arise. Mutation breeding is characterized by its merits, which is the creation of new mutant characters and addition of very few traits without 12
Page 1 and 2: Gamma Rays and Carbon Ion-Beams Irr
Page 3 and 4: Table of contents Chapter 1 1.1. In
Page 5 and 6: 4.2.1.1. Cultivars of banana……
Page 7 and 8: and ‘Valery’, which are exporte
Page 9 and 10: ‘Cavendish Enano’, ‘Williams
Page 11 and 12: Although it is now found only in Au
Page 13 and 14: varieties bred at the Jamaican prog
Page 15: such as ‘Paka’ (AA) and ‘Pisa
Page 19 and 20: large number of improved mutant cro
Page 21 and 22: which migrated faster (Rf = 0.44) t
Page 23 and 24: is juglone (5 hydroxy-1,4-napthoqui
Page 25 and 26: experiments involving various biolo
Page 27 and 28: Tanaka (1999) reported novel genes
Page 29 and 30: 2. 1. Materials and Methods Chapter
Page 31 and 32: 2. 1. 1. 4. FHIA-01 ‘FHIA-01’(M
Page 33 and 34: (Gamma room)” and “Carbon ion-b
Page 35 and 36: esulting from “Gamma Room” expe
Page 37 and 38: traits as female sterility and part
Page 39 and 40: 3. 2. 1. 3. Chronic irradiation ( 1
Page 41 and 42: Gy. ‘Williams’ and ‘Orito’
Page 43 and 44: a diploid clone (genomic constituti
Page 45 and 46: ‘Williams’ (93%), the necrotic
Page 47 and 48: etween the irradiation doses and th
Page 49 and 50: moment they are at the development
Page 51 and 52: A B C D Fig. 2. Cultivars of banana
Page 53 and 54: Weight of plantlets (g) Height of p
Page 55 and 56: Control 50 Gy 100 Gy 150 Gy Fig. 6.
Page 57 and 58: Control 50 Gy 100 Gy 150 Gy 200 Gy
Page 59 and 60: Survival rate (%) for LD50 Survival
Page 61 and 62: A B C D E F Fig. 12. A plant from
Page 63 and 64: B D AA E Fig 14. Banana meristems a
Page 65 and 66: A B C Orito Orito Orito Cavendish E
Page 67 and 68:
No. plants No. plants No. plants No
Page 69 and 70:
Circunference (cm) Plant height (cm
Page 71 and 72:
Table 1. Differences of the plantle
Page 73 and 74:
Table 3. Differences of the surviva
Page 75 and 76:
Table 5. Selected materials reporti
Page 77 and 78:
Table 8. Factor of effectiveness an
Page 79 and 80:
deletion rather than point mutation
Page 81 and 82:
were recorded. From the results, th
Page 83 and 84:
4. 2. 2. Assessment of banana plant
Page 85 and 86:
placement among the plants (Fig. 30
Page 87 and 88:
hours, photographs of the leaf-disc
Page 89 and 90:
‘Williams’ (B) was obtained by
Page 91 and 92:
class limits values are clearly sep
Page 93 and 94:
values in ‘Cavendish Enano’ ran
Page 95 and 96:
Only a partial resistance was obser
Page 97 and 98:
Sigatoka but also fruit quality, po
Page 99 and 100:
A C Fig. 23. Banana plantlets packa
Page 101 and 102:
A C Fig. 25. Acclimatization of the
Page 103 and 104:
A C Fig. 27. Survival plantlets for
Page 105 and 106:
A C Fig. 29. Mycosphaerella fijiens
Page 107 and 108:
A C Fig. 31. Labor during transplan
Page 109 and 110:
B A Fig. 33. Establishment of the j
Page 111 and 112:
A B Fig. 35. Regenerated plantlets
Page 113 and 114:
Survival rate (%) for LD50 Survival
Page 115 and 116:
0 0.5 1 2 4 Fig 39. Banana plantlet
Page 117 and 118:
A B C Fig. 41. Regenerated explants
Page 119 and 120:
Range of optimum doses (Gy) 16 15 1
Page 121 and 122:
Percent of plants Percent of plants
Page 123 and 124:
LDNA-% LDNA-% DDP-days 100 80 60 40
Page 125 and 126:
Fig. 49. Hexaploid cells in ‘Cave
Page 127 and 128:
Table 10. Infection index (II-%), d
Page 129 and 130:
Table 12. DDP-days, II-% and LDNA-%
Page 131 and 132:
Chapter 5 General Discussion Gamma
Page 133 and 134:
FHIA-01 were not able to compare du
Page 135 and 136:
‘W 1 II 31’. In the case of ‘
Page 137 and 138:
Summary Both Gamma rays and Carbon
Page 139 and 140:
A ‘Cavendish Enano’ plant with
Page 141 and 142:
I extend my gratitude also to Dr. K
Page 143 and 144:
Cohan, J, P., C. Abadie, K. Tomekp
Page 145 and 146:
Hase, Y., M. Yamaguchi and A. Tanak
Page 147 and 148:
Molina, G. C. and J. P. Krausz (198
Page 149 and 150:
Roux, N. S. (2001). Mutation induct
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