Gamma Rays and CarbonIon-Beams Irradiation for Mutation ...

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1. 1. Introduction Chapter 1 Banana (Musa spp.) is a worldwide extended crop growing in most of the countries located especially in the tropical and subtropical areas. FAO (2006) reported that the banana world export in 2004 was more than 15 million tones equivalent to more than $ 5 billion dollars. In the case of Ecuador, exportation in 2004 were more than 4.5 million tons from a harvested area of 216.510 ha, which represent 30% of the world export. Bananas and plantains are valuable export products in many countries of Central and South America (Upadhyay et al., 1991), but they are the primary food source for millions of people in many areas of the world, including Central Africa, Southwest Asia, Central and South America and the Caribbean. People in these regions are generally faced with high population growth and recurring food shortages, conditions that augment the importance of high yield, low cost crops like bananas and plantains. They yield a sweet, nutritious fruit and produce a starch that can be used to prepare a variety of food (Stover and Simmons, 1987). Preparation methods are very diverse and vary according to the country. Bananas are eaten boiled, fried or grilled; the fruit is crushed to make an edible paste or fermented to make local beer; the burnt peel is used to make soap etc. In Côte d’Ivoire, for example, the foods made from plantains have various names of which the commonest is “foutou” which is mashed plantain accompanied by a sauce (Nkendah and Akyeampong, 2003). In Ecuador, most of the banana production is by the commercial type Cavendish, mainly ‘Cavendish Enano’ (Grande Naine), ‘Williams’, 1
and ‘Valery’, which are exported to different countries. The local consumption of these cultivars are very few, consuming mostly the ‘Gros Michel’ type which are still planted in the small farms, though the cost is a little bit expensive than the commercial type, but sweetness, softening and more flavored make this cultivar to be favorite for the consumers. Another favorite cultivars is ‘Orito’, growing in humid areas and most of the plantation are organic, since the farmers cultivate with a minimum of cultural practices. This cultivar possess small finger, sweet and delicious and have high carotenoids content compared with ‘Cavendish’. Banana is a large perennial herb with a pseudostem composed of leaf sheaths. Taxonomically, it belongs to the Musaceae family, genus musa, section eumusa, being a monocotiledonaceae (Champion, 1968), probably originating from Southeast Asia, especially from Malaysia and Indonesia (Haarer, 1965). According to the classification and origin of diversity, the genus Musa, is divided into four sections, the members of which include both seeded and non-seeded (parthenocarpic) types. Two of the sections contain species with a chromosome number of 2n = 20 (Callimusa and Australimusa) while the species in the other two sections (Eumusa and Rhodochlamys) have a basic chromosome number of 11 (2n = 22). The centre of diversity of the species is thought to be either Malaysia or Indonesia. Most cultivars are derived from two species, Musa acuminata (A genome) and Musa balbisiana (B genome). The majority of cultivated bananas arose from the Eumusa group of species. This section is the biggest in the genus and the most geographically widespread, with species being found throughout South East Asia from India to the Pacific Islands (Daniells et al., 2001). Edibility of mature fruits of diploid Musa acuminata (AA) came about as a result of female sterility and parthenocarpy, and such edible types would no doubt have been selected and maintained by humans. 2
Page 1 and 2: Gamma Rays and Carbon Ion-Beams Irr
Page 3 and 4: Table of contents Chapter 1 1.1. In
Page 5: 4.2.1.1. Cultivars of banana……
Page 9 and 10: ‘Cavendish Enano’, ‘Williams
Page 11 and 12: Although it is now found only in Au
Page 13 and 14: varieties bred at the Jamaican prog
Page 15 and 16: such as ‘Paka’ (AA) and ‘Pisa
Page 17 and 18: Resistance (PR). In connection with
Page 19 and 20: large number of improved mutant cro
Page 21 and 22: which migrated faster (Rf = 0.44) t
Page 23 and 24: is juglone (5 hydroxy-1,4-napthoqui
Page 25 and 26: experiments involving various biolo
Page 27 and 28: Tanaka (1999) reported novel genes
Page 29 and 30: 2. 1. Materials and Methods Chapter
Page 31 and 32: 2. 1. 1. 4. FHIA-01 ‘FHIA-01’(M
Page 33 and 34: (Gamma room)” and “Carbon ion-b
Page 35 and 36: esulting from “Gamma Room” expe
Page 37 and 38: traits as female sterility and part
Page 39 and 40: 3. 2. 1. 3. Chronic irradiation ( 1
Page 41 and 42: Gy. ‘Williams’ and ‘Orito’
Page 43 and 44: a diploid clone (genomic constituti
Page 45 and 46: ‘Williams’ (93%), the necrotic
Page 47 and 48: etween the irradiation doses and th
Page 49 and 50: moment they are at the development
Page 51 and 52: A B C D Fig. 2. Cultivars of banana
Page 53 and 54: Weight of plantlets (g) Height of p
Page 55 and 56: Control 50 Gy 100 Gy 150 Gy Fig. 6.
Page 57 and 58:
Control 50 Gy 100 Gy 150 Gy 200 Gy
Page 59 and 60:
Survival rate (%) for LD50 Survival
Page 61 and 62:
A B C D E F Fig. 12. A plant from
Page 63 and 64:
B D AA E Fig 14. Banana meristems a
Page 65 and 66:
A B C Orito Orito Orito Cavendish E
Page 67 and 68:
No. plants No. plants No. plants No
Page 69 and 70:
Circunference (cm) Plant height (cm
Page 71 and 72:
Table 1. Differences of the plantle
Page 73 and 74:
Table 3. Differences of the surviva
Page 75 and 76:
Table 5. Selected materials reporti
Page 77 and 78:
Table 8. Factor of effectiveness an
Page 79 and 80:
deletion rather than point mutation
Page 81 and 82:
were recorded. From the results, th
Page 83 and 84:
4. 2. 2. Assessment of banana plant
Page 85 and 86:
placement among the plants (Fig. 30
Page 87 and 88:
hours, photographs of the leaf-disc
Page 89 and 90:
‘Williams’ (B) was obtained by
Page 91 and 92:
class limits values are clearly sep
Page 93 and 94:
values in ‘Cavendish Enano’ ran
Page 95 and 96:
Only a partial resistance was obser
Page 97 and 98:
Sigatoka but also fruit quality, po
Page 99 and 100:
A C Fig. 23. Banana plantlets packa
Page 101 and 102:
A C Fig. 25. Acclimatization of the
Page 103 and 104:
A C Fig. 27. Survival plantlets for
Page 105 and 106:
A C Fig. 29. Mycosphaerella fijiens
Page 107 and 108:
A C Fig. 31. Labor during transplan
Page 109 and 110:
B A Fig. 33. Establishment of the j
Page 111 and 112:
A B Fig. 35. Regenerated plantlets
Page 113 and 114:
Survival rate (%) for LD50 Survival
Page 115 and 116:
0 0.5 1 2 4 Fig 39. Banana plantlet
Page 117 and 118:
A B C Fig. 41. Regenerated explants
Page 119 and 120:
Range of optimum doses (Gy) 16 15 1
Page 121 and 122:
Percent of plants Percent of plants
Page 123 and 124:
LDNA-% LDNA-% DDP-days 100 80 60 40
Page 125 and 126:
Fig. 49. Hexaploid cells in ‘Cave
Page 127 and 128:
Table 10. Infection index (II-%), d
Page 129 and 130:
Table 12. DDP-days, II-% and LDNA-%
Page 131 and 132:
Chapter 5 General Discussion Gamma
Page 133 and 134:
FHIA-01 were not able to compare du
Page 135 and 136:
‘W 1 II 31’. In the case of ‘
Page 137 and 138:
Summary Both Gamma rays and Carbon
Page 139 and 140:
A ‘Cavendish Enano’ plant with
Page 141 and 142:
I extend my gratitude also to Dr. K
Page 143 and 144:
Cohan, J, P., C. Abadie, K. Tomekp
Page 145 and 146:
Hase, Y., M. Yamaguchi and A. Tanak
Page 147 and 148:
Molina, G. C. and J. P. Krausz (198
Page 149 and 150:
Roux, N. S. (2001). Mutation induct
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