Gamma Rays and CarbonIon-Beams Irradiation for Mutation ...

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process, after the chromosome suffers damage due to physical and chemical factors, structural changes might result, if the damaged structure recovers, there will be no change in function. Thus, chromosome damage is a prelude to variations. On the topic of the banana plants subjected to the Gamma rays in “Gamma Field” did not confer any visible abnormalities during the 34-day exposure, in contrast with the materials irradiated in the “Gamma Greenhouse” visible variation was shown 9 months after irradiation such as abnormal, double, long, rudimentary, spindled and yellow spotted leaf, caused by the effect of the long-term chronic irradiation which acts directly in the active cell division occurred in the meristem. These results suggest that an irradiation scheme using different exposure times could be explored to avoid injuries at the meristem levels. Interesting results were also obtained when the irradiated plants from Gamma rays and Carbon ion-beams were subjected to juglone. From Gamma rays irradiated materials, 20 plants were selected from the Orito lot, 8 in ‘Williams’ and 5 in ‘Cavendish Enano’. From Carbon ion-beams irradiated plants 10 plants showing lower values of leaf necrotic area were selected. However, these results are not yet final, as further studies need to be implemented to confirm the tolerance to juglone in correlation with the results of the materials subjected to natural inoculum pressure of M. fijiensis under field condition. The three variables DDP-days, II-% and LDNA-% were combined analyzing the data by regression, permitting to categorize the plants showing better response against to the disease. The regression among the three combined variables showed close relationships in six plants. The code number were ‘W 16 II 74’, ‘W 128 I 67’, ‘W 1 II 148’, ‘W 8 II 13’, ‘W 1 II 19’ and 129
‘W 1 II 31’. In the case of ‘Cavendish Enano’, two plants with the code numbers ‘CE 4 II 30’ and ‘CE 64 I 5’ were observed. These groups of plants were selected as possible candidates with better response against to black Sigatoka. Those results allow to allege that the sensitivity to the irradiation of ‘Williams’ determined by LD50 could explain the variation in the number of mutated plants that shows six candidates, compared with the two candidates obtained in ‘Cavendish Enano’. That means that high sensitivity cultivars to Carbon ion-beams irradiation may produce a wide range of mutagenesis expressing tolerant/resistant to black Sigatoka, deducing that the sensitivity is cultivar dependent. A single plantlet of ‘Cavendish Enano’ with early growth has been also observed among a group of plants irradiated by Carbon ion-beam at 4 Gy (Fig. 49). This characteristic is important for crop cycle; meaning that the annual production could increase due to the number of bunches harvest per year. In conclusion, Gamma rays and Carbon ion-beams produce the same tendency of survival rate when banana explants were subjected to their irradiation, but both methods are different in terms of linear energy transfer, showing the effectiveness of Carbon ion-beams at low doses. The most sensitive to the irradiation among the banana used in this experiment were ‘Orito’ and ‘FHIA-01’. A sigmoid drooping leaf plant of ‘FHIA-01’ and plants with low incidence affected by black Sigatoka and juglone toxin were obtained. In addition, a single plant of ‘Cavendish Enano’, irradiated by Carbon ion-beam at greenhouse conditions showed the early growth among a group of plants. Regarding to the selected plants less affected by black Sigatoka, field experiment considering the whole plant cycle must be necessary to confirm not only the black Sigatoka response but also fruit 130
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Gamma Rays and Carbon Ion-Beams Irr
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Table of contents Chapter 1 1.1. In
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4.2.1.1. Cultivars of banana……
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and ‘Valery’, which are exporte
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‘Cavendish Enano’, ‘Williams
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Although it is now found only in Au
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varieties bred at the Jamaican prog
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such as ‘Paka’ (AA) and ‘Pisa
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Resistance (PR). In connection with
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large number of improved mutant cro
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which migrated faster (Rf = 0.44) t
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is juglone (5 hydroxy-1,4-napthoqui
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experiments involving various biolo
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Tanaka (1999) reported novel genes
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2. 1. Materials and Methods Chapter
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2. 1. 1. 4. FHIA-01 ‘FHIA-01’(M
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(Gamma room)” and “Carbon ion-b
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esulting from “Gamma Room” expe
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traits as female sterility and part
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3. 2. 1. 3. Chronic irradiation ( 1
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Gy. ‘Williams’ and ‘Orito’
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a diploid clone (genomic constituti
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‘Williams’ (93%), the necrotic
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etween the irradiation doses and th
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moment they are at the development
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A B C D Fig. 2. Cultivars of banana
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Weight of plantlets (g) Height of p
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Control 50 Gy 100 Gy 150 Gy Fig. 6.
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Control 50 Gy 100 Gy 150 Gy 200 Gy
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Survival rate (%) for LD50 Survival
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A B C D E F Fig. 12. A plant from
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B D AA E Fig 14. Banana meristems a
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A B C Orito Orito Orito Cavendish E
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No. plants No. plants No. plants No
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Circunference (cm) Plant height (cm
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Table 1. Differences of the plantle
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Table 3. Differences of the surviva
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Table 5. Selected materials reporti
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Table 8. Factor of effectiveness an
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deletion rather than point mutation
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were recorded. From the results, th
Page 83 and 84: 4. 2. 2. Assessment of banana plant
Page 85 and 86: placement among the plants (Fig. 30
Page 87 and 88: hours, photographs of the leaf-disc
Page 89 and 90: ‘Williams’ (B) was obtained by
Page 91 and 92: class limits values are clearly sep
Page 93 and 94: values in ‘Cavendish Enano’ ran
Page 95 and 96: Only a partial resistance was obser
Page 97 and 98: Sigatoka but also fruit quality, po
Page 99 and 100: A C Fig. 23. Banana plantlets packa
Page 101 and 102: A C Fig. 25. Acclimatization of the
Page 103 and 104: A C Fig. 27. Survival plantlets for
Page 105 and 106: A C Fig. 29. Mycosphaerella fijiens
Page 107 and 108: A C Fig. 31. Labor during transplan
Page 109 and 110: B A Fig. 33. Establishment of the j
Page 111 and 112: A B Fig. 35. Regenerated plantlets
Page 113 and 114: Survival rate (%) for LD50 Survival
Page 115 and 116: 0 0.5 1 2 4 Fig 39. Banana plantlet
Page 117 and 118: A B C Fig. 41. Regenerated explants
Page 119 and 120: Range of optimum doses (Gy) 16 15 1
Page 121 and 122: Percent of plants Percent of plants
Page 123 and 124: LDNA-% LDNA-% DDP-days 100 80 60 40
Page 125 and 126: Fig. 49. Hexaploid cells in ‘Cave
Page 127 and 128: Table 10. Infection index (II-%), d
Page 129 and 130: Table 12. DDP-days, II-% and LDNA-%
Page 131 and 132: Chapter 5 General Discussion Gamma
Page 133: FHIA-01 were not able to compare du
Page 137 and 138: Summary Both Gamma rays and Carbon
Page 139 and 140: A ‘Cavendish Enano’ plant with
Page 141 and 142: I extend my gratitude also to Dr. K
Page 143 and 144: Cohan, J, P., C. Abadie, K. Tomekp
Page 145 and 146: Hase, Y., M. Yamaguchi and A. Tanak
Page 147 and 148: Molina, G. C. and J. P. Krausz (198
Page 149 and 150: Roux, N. S. (2001). Mutation induct
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