Gamma Rays and CarbonIon-Beams Irradiation for Mutation ...

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developing countries for banana and other basic staple crops. Van Harten (1998) reported based on estimates that about one third of the total production of agricultural crops is lost due to plant diseases and pests, therefore, it would be very useful if mutation breeding could contribute to an effective pest and disease control scheme in crop plants. Genetic improvement of banana and plantain in the various programmes operating around the world is based on crosses between commercial triploids and improved diploids, with the objective of developing higher yielding cultivars that are more resistant to the main diseases (Sigatoka disease caused by Mycosphaerella musicola, black leaf streak caused by Mycosphaerella fijiensis, fusarium wilt caused by Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. cubense), and pests as nematodes and weevils (Ramirez et al. 2005). However, the fact that triploid cultivars are seedless makes them edible but it is also a constraint when it comes to improving their yield and resistance to biotic stresses. Breeders always aim to get parthenocarpic hybrids with enhanced resistance (Krishnamoorthy, et al., 2004b). The Cavendish banana is important in world trade, but accounts for only 10 percent of bananas produced and consumed globally, according to FAO (2003). Virtually all commercially important plantations grow this single genotype (Subgroup Cavendish). The Cavendish's predecessor, ‘Gros Michel’ which has been suffered the same fate at the hands of fungal diseases, prompts breeders and growers alike to find a suitable replacement for ‘Cavendish’ banana. Fortunately, small-scale farmers around the world have maintained a broad genetic pool, which can be used for future banana crop improvement. Conventional Musa's breeding are utilizing sources resistant to black Sigatoka in wild Musa species, especially M. acuminata ssp. Burmannica, ssp. Malaccensis and ssp. siamea, and in diploid cultivars 9
such as ‘Paka’ (AA) and ‘Pisang lilin’ (AA). Genetic resistance to black Sigatoka is clearly the best long-term goal for disease control especially for smallholders who cannot afford to purchase chemicals. Cultivars such as ‘Pisang Awak’ (AAB), ‘Yangambi km 5’ (AAA), ‘Pisan Ceylan’ (AAB- Mysore), ‘Pelipita’ (ABB) and ‘Saba’ (ABB) have resistance levels with good agronomic potential. However, these do not suit all local tastes and some are susceptible to Fusarium wilt (Jones and Maurichon, 1993). ‘Ducase’ and ‘Kluai Namwa Khom’ cultivars have been reported by Daniells and Bryde (1999) as resistant to black Sigatoka and are being utilized by the banana replacement programmes in northern Australia. ‘Calcuta 4’, belonging to the Musa acuminata ssp. burmannicoides, shows a considerable potential as a male germplasm source in breeding plantain for black Sigatoka resistance, unlike the wild types belonging to the subspecies malaccensis, whose defects in bunch and bunch size were transmitted to their progeny (Swennen and Vuylsteke, 1993). In Ecuador, ‘FHIA-01’ and ‘FHIA-02’ cultivars have shown a low disease index value (31.1 and 37.3%, respectively) when black Sigatoka was evaluated, in contrast with ‘Valery’ (a ‘Cavendish’ type), which showed 97.2% of disease index (Reyes-Borja, 1995). The Global Musa Genomics Consortium (2002) mentioned that after rice and Arabidopsis, the banana is the third plant genome sequenced. Comprised of just 11 chromosomes with a total of 500 to 600 million base pairs, the banana genome is the smallest of all plants and researchers expect quick results. There are already frameworks of genetic maps based on genetic markers. Large insert DNA libraries (BACs) are becoming available, and populations of hybrids are being made for mapping and trait evaluation. Regarding resistance genes to pests and diseases, existing maps should allow isolation of genes involved in black Sigatoka resistance. Currently, a QTL for Sigatoka resistance has been anchored on a map 10
Page 1 and 2: Gamma Rays and Carbon Ion-Beams Irr
Page 3 and 4: Table of contents Chapter 1 1.1. In
Page 5 and 6: 4.2.1.1. Cultivars of banana……
Page 7 and 8: and ‘Valery’, which are exporte
Page 9 and 10: ‘Cavendish Enano’, ‘Williams
Page 11 and 12: Although it is now found only in Au
Page 13: varieties bred at the Jamaican prog
Page 17 and 18: Resistance (PR). In connection with
Page 19 and 20: large number of improved mutant cro
Page 21 and 22: which migrated faster (Rf = 0.44) t
Page 23 and 24: is juglone (5 hydroxy-1,4-napthoqui
Page 25 and 26: experiments involving various biolo
Page 27 and 28: Tanaka (1999) reported novel genes
Page 29 and 30: 2. 1. Materials and Methods Chapter
Page 31 and 32: 2. 1. 1. 4. FHIA-01 ‘FHIA-01’(M
Page 33 and 34: (Gamma room)” and “Carbon ion-b
Page 35 and 36: esulting from “Gamma Room” expe
Page 37 and 38: traits as female sterility and part
Page 39 and 40: 3. 2. 1. 3. Chronic irradiation ( 1
Page 41 and 42: Gy. ‘Williams’ and ‘Orito’
Page 43 and 44: a diploid clone (genomic constituti
Page 45 and 46: ‘Williams’ (93%), the necrotic
Page 47 and 48: etween the irradiation doses and th
Page 49 and 50: moment they are at the development
Page 51 and 52: A B C D Fig. 2. Cultivars of banana
Page 53 and 54: Weight of plantlets (g) Height of p
Page 55 and 56: Control 50 Gy 100 Gy 150 Gy Fig. 6.
Page 57 and 58: Control 50 Gy 100 Gy 150 Gy 200 Gy
Page 59 and 60: Survival rate (%) for LD50 Survival
Page 61 and 62: A B C D E F Fig. 12. A plant from
Page 63 and 64: B D AA E Fig 14. Banana meristems a
Page 65 and 66:
A B C Orito Orito Orito Cavendish E
Page 67 and 68:
No. plants No. plants No. plants No
Page 69 and 70:
Circunference (cm) Plant height (cm
Page 71 and 72:
Table 1. Differences of the plantle
Page 73 and 74:
Table 3. Differences of the surviva
Page 75 and 76:
Table 5. Selected materials reporti
Page 77 and 78:
Table 8. Factor of effectiveness an
Page 79 and 80:
deletion rather than point mutation
Page 81 and 82:
were recorded. From the results, th
Page 83 and 84:
4. 2. 2. Assessment of banana plant
Page 85 and 86:
placement among the plants (Fig. 30
Page 87 and 88:
hours, photographs of the leaf-disc
Page 89 and 90:
‘Williams’ (B) was obtained by
Page 91 and 92:
class limits values are clearly sep
Page 93 and 94:
values in ‘Cavendish Enano’ ran
Page 95 and 96:
Only a partial resistance was obser
Page 97 and 98:
Sigatoka but also fruit quality, po
Page 99 and 100:
A C Fig. 23. Banana plantlets packa
Page 101 and 102:
A C Fig. 25. Acclimatization of the
Page 103 and 104:
A C Fig. 27. Survival plantlets for
Page 105 and 106:
A C Fig. 29. Mycosphaerella fijiens
Page 107 and 108:
A C Fig. 31. Labor during transplan
Page 109 and 110:
B A Fig. 33. Establishment of the j
Page 111 and 112:
A B Fig. 35. Regenerated plantlets
Page 113 and 114:
Survival rate (%) for LD50 Survival
Page 115 and 116:
0 0.5 1 2 4 Fig 39. Banana plantlet
Page 117 and 118:
A B C Fig. 41. Regenerated explants
Page 119 and 120:
Range of optimum doses (Gy) 16 15 1
Page 121 and 122:
Percent of plants Percent of plants
Page 123 and 124:
LDNA-% LDNA-% DDP-days 100 80 60 40
Page 125 and 126:
Fig. 49. Hexaploid cells in ‘Cave
Page 127 and 128:
Table 10. Infection index (II-%), d
Page 129 and 130:
Table 12. DDP-days, II-% and LDNA-%
Page 131 and 132:
Chapter 5 General Discussion Gamma
Page 133 and 134:
FHIA-01 were not able to compare du
Page 135 and 136:
‘W 1 II 31’. In the case of ‘
Page 137 and 138:
Summary Both Gamma rays and Carbon
Page 139 and 140:
A ‘Cavendish Enano’ plant with
Page 141 and 142:
I extend my gratitude also to Dr. K
Page 143 and 144:
Cohan, J, P., C. Abadie, K. Tomekp
Page 145 and 146:
Hase, Y., M. Yamaguchi and A. Tanak
Page 147 and 148:
Molina, G. C. and J. P. Krausz (198
Page 149 and 150:
Roux, N. S. (2001). Mutation induct
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