Gamma Rays and CarbonIon-Beams Irradiation for Mutation ...

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Triploid AAA cultivars arose from these diploids, perhaps following crosses between edible diploids and wild M. acuminata subspecies, giving rise to a wide range of AAA genotypes. In most parts of South East Asia these triploids, which are more vigorous and have larger fruit, have replaced the original AA diploids. However; in Papua New Guinea, AA diploids remain agriculturally significant and a wide range of diversity is still found in cultivation. The diploid and triploid M. acuminata cultivars were taken by humans to areas where M. balbisiana is native (India, Myanmar, Thailand, Philippines) and natural hybridizations resulted in the formation of hybrid progeny with the genomes AB, AAB, and ABB. The Indian subcontinent is thought to have been the major centre for hybridization of acuminata types with the indigenous M. balbisiana and the region is noted for the wide variety of AAB and ABB cultivars. M. balbisiana is considered to be more drought and disease resistant than M. acuminata, and such characteristics are often found in cultivars containing a ‘B’ genome. Hybridization would have given rise to a wide range of edible types of banana, some of which would have survived and been multiplied under domestication (Daniells et al., 2001). The section Eumusa most cultivated species/group posses different genome group such as AA (Sucrier, Pisang Jari Buaya, Pisang lilin, Inarnibal, Lakatan), AAA (Gros Michel, Cavendish, Red, Ambon, Ibota, Mutika/Lujugira, Orotava, Rio), AAAA (Pisang ustrali), AB (Ney poovan, Kamaramasenge), AAB (Iholena, Laknau, Mysore, Silk, Pome, Maia, Maoli/Popoulu, Pisang Nangka, Pisang Raja, Plantain, Nendra Padaththi, Pisang Lelat, Nadan), ABB (Bluggoe, Pisang Awak, Monthan, Kalapua, Klue Teparod, Saba, Pelipita , Ney Mannan, Peyan) and AABB (Laknau Der). Commercial cultivars spread worldwide belong to ‘Cavendish’ subgroup such as ‘Petite Naine’, ‘Grande Naine’ or also well known as 3
‘Cavendish Enano’, ‘Williams’, ‘Valery’ and ‘Dwarf Parfitt’ (Daniells et al., 2001). However, Valmayor et al., (2000) reported that exist different banana names and synonyms of ‘Cavendish’ in Southeast Asia such as ‘Dwarf Cavendish’, ‘Enano’, ‘Giant Cavendish’, ‘Gran Enano’, ‘Robusta’, ‘Tall Cavendish’, ‘Lacatan’ and ‘Grande Naine’. They are cultivated in over 10 million hectares of arable land worldwide. Total production was estimated in 1998 at over 88 million metric tons of which exports represented around 12 million metric tons (Marín et al., 2003). It is estimated that banana world exports would reach some 13.9 million tons in the year 2010. Most of this growth would be in Latin American countries, in particular Ecuador and to a lesser extent Costa Rica and Colombia. In Asia, the Philippines projects to increase its exports, taking advantage of the growth of the Asian market. The United States of America, Japan, and the European Community are among the three most important import markets for export bananas, accounting for nearly 30 percent of global imports (FAO, 2001b). In tropical and subtropical regions where banana crops are cultivated, intensive management has to be applied, otherwise production will be affected and the profits will diminish. However, though given the latest technologies in banana production, farmers are still faced by many problems due to the genetic constitution of the monocultured ‘Cavendish’ type which is susceptible to many pests and diseases. The most critical are the black Sigatoka caused by Mycosphaerella fijiensis Morelet, Panama disease (Fusarium oxisporum, race 1 and 4), bacteria Pseudomonas solanacearum, viruses such as the Banana Bunchy Top Virus (BBTV), Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV), nematodes Radopholus similis and weevils Cosmopolites sordidus. Actually, banana breeding programs are aimed at 4
Page 1 and 2: Gamma Rays and Carbon Ion-Beams Irr
Page 3 and 4: Table of contents Chapter 1 1.1. In
Page 5 and 6: 4.2.1.1. Cultivars of banana……
Page 7: and ‘Valery’, which are exporte
Page 11 and 12: Although it is now found only in Au
Page 13 and 14: varieties bred at the Jamaican prog
Page 15 and 16: such as ‘Paka’ (AA) and ‘Pisa
Page 17 and 18: Resistance (PR). In connection with
Page 19 and 20: large number of improved mutant cro
Page 21 and 22: which migrated faster (Rf = 0.44) t
Page 23 and 24: is juglone (5 hydroxy-1,4-napthoqui
Page 25 and 26: experiments involving various biolo
Page 27 and 28: Tanaka (1999) reported novel genes
Page 29 and 30: 2. 1. Materials and Methods Chapter
Page 31 and 32: 2. 1. 1. 4. FHIA-01 ‘FHIA-01’(M
Page 33 and 34: (Gamma room)” and “Carbon ion-b
Page 35 and 36: esulting from “Gamma Room” expe
Page 37 and 38: traits as female sterility and part
Page 39 and 40: 3. 2. 1. 3. Chronic irradiation ( 1
Page 41 and 42: Gy. ‘Williams’ and ‘Orito’
Page 43 and 44: a diploid clone (genomic constituti
Page 45 and 46: ‘Williams’ (93%), the necrotic
Page 47 and 48: etween the irradiation doses and th
Page 49 and 50: moment they are at the development
Page 51 and 52: A B C D Fig. 2. Cultivars of banana
Page 53 and 54: Weight of plantlets (g) Height of p
Page 55 and 56: Control 50 Gy 100 Gy 150 Gy Fig. 6.
Page 57 and 58: Control 50 Gy 100 Gy 150 Gy 200 Gy
Page 59 and 60:
Survival rate (%) for LD50 Survival
Page 61 and 62:
A B C D E F Fig. 12. A plant from
Page 63 and 64:
B D AA E Fig 14. Banana meristems a
Page 65 and 66:
A B C Orito Orito Orito Cavendish E
Page 67 and 68:
No. plants No. plants No. plants No
Page 69 and 70:
Circunference (cm) Plant height (cm
Page 71 and 72:
Table 1. Differences of the plantle
Page 73 and 74:
Table 3. Differences of the surviva
Page 75 and 76:
Table 5. Selected materials reporti
Page 77 and 78:
Table 8. Factor of effectiveness an
Page 79 and 80:
deletion rather than point mutation
Page 81 and 82:
were recorded. From the results, th
Page 83 and 84:
4. 2. 2. Assessment of banana plant
Page 85 and 86:
placement among the plants (Fig. 30
Page 87 and 88:
hours, photographs of the leaf-disc
Page 89 and 90:
‘Williams’ (B) was obtained by
Page 91 and 92:
class limits values are clearly sep
Page 93 and 94:
values in ‘Cavendish Enano’ ran
Page 95 and 96:
Only a partial resistance was obser
Page 97 and 98:
Sigatoka but also fruit quality, po
Page 99 and 100:
A C Fig. 23. Banana plantlets packa
Page 101 and 102:
A C Fig. 25. Acclimatization of the
Page 103 and 104:
A C Fig. 27. Survival plantlets for
Page 105 and 106:
A C Fig. 29. Mycosphaerella fijiens
Page 107 and 108:
A C Fig. 31. Labor during transplan
Page 109 and 110:
B A Fig. 33. Establishment of the j
Page 111 and 112:
A B Fig. 35. Regenerated plantlets
Page 113 and 114:
Survival rate (%) for LD50 Survival
Page 115 and 116:
0 0.5 1 2 4 Fig 39. Banana plantlet
Page 117 and 118:
A B C Fig. 41. Regenerated explants
Page 119 and 120:
Range of optimum doses (Gy) 16 15 1
Page 121 and 122:
Percent of plants Percent of plants
Page 123 and 124:
LDNA-% LDNA-% DDP-days 100 80 60 40
Page 125 and 126:
Fig. 49. Hexaploid cells in ‘Cave
Page 127 and 128:
Table 10. Infection index (II-%), d
Page 129 and 130:
Table 12. DDP-days, II-% and LDNA-%
Page 131 and 132:
Chapter 5 General Discussion Gamma
Page 133 and 134:
FHIA-01 were not able to compare du
Page 135 and 136:
‘W 1 II 31’. In the case of ‘
Page 137 and 138:
Summary Both Gamma rays and Carbon
Page 139 and 140:
A ‘Cavendish Enano’ plant with
Page 141 and 142:
I extend my gratitude also to Dr. K
Page 143 and 144:
Cohan, J, P., C. Abadie, K. Tomekp
Page 145 and 146:
Hase, Y., M. Yamaguchi and A. Tanak
Page 147 and 148:
Molina, G. C. and J. P. Krausz (198
Page 149 and 150:
Roux, N. S. (2001). Mutation induct
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Gamma Rays and CarbonIon-Beams Irradiation for Mutation ...

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