Gamma Rays and CarbonIon-Beams Irradiation for Mutation ...

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centric rings, originated from two breaks on the same chromosome, each of them on a distinct chromosome arm (inter-arm intrachanges); (iii) deletions, which can be produced either by a single unrejoined break (terminal deletions, which appear as linear acentric fragments), or two breaks on the same chromosome arm (interstitial deletions, which are scored as small paired dots). The more recent fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) technique, which allows selective painting of specific pairs of homologous chromosomes, has made it possible to identify a larger number of aberration types, including translocations (which are symmetrical interchanges and cannot be detected with traditional Giemsa staining) and complex exchanges usually defined as chromosome exchanges involving three or more breaks and two or more chromosomes. Fukuda et al. (2003) reviewed the molecular mechanism of mutation by ion beams in order to investigate the DNA alteration of mutation induced by ion-beams in plants, polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and sequencing analysis to compare DNA fragments were performed for amplified carbon ion- and electron-induced Arabidopsis mutant. Fourteen out of 30 loci possessed intragenic mutation (“small mutation”) such as point mutation or deletion of several to hundreds of bases. For comparison, 16 out of 30 loci possessed intergenic mutation (“large mutation”), such as chromosomal inversion, translocation, and total deletion covering their own loci. These results imply that in the case of mutation induced by ion beams, half of the mutants have intragenic small mutation (47%) and the other half have large DNA alteration such as inversion, translocation (40%), and large deletion (13%). In such an alteration, a common feature was that all the DNA strand breaks induced by carbon ions were found to be rejoined using short homologies.These results suggest that the nonhomologous end joining pathway operates after plant cells are exposed to ion beams. 21
Tanaka (1999) reported novel genes in Arabidopsis, by using ion beam irradiation. The ast and sepl mutants were obtained from the offspring of 1,488 carbon ion-irradiated Ml seeds respectively. The uvi1- uvi4 mutants were also induced from 1,280 M1 lines. Thus, ion beams can induce not only known mutants such as tt, gl and hy also novel mutants with high frequency. Even in the tt phenotype, was found two new mutant loci other than know loci. Also in chrysanthemum have been produced several kinds of single, complex or striped flower-color mutants that has never induced by gamma irradiation, indicating that ion beams could produce variety of mutants on the same phenotypes. In conclusion, the characteristics of ion beams for the mutation induction are 1) to induce mutants with high frequency, 2) to show broad mutation spectrum, and 3) to produce novel mutants. For these reasons, chemical mutagen such as EMS and low LET ionizing radiation such as X-ray s and gamma rays will predominantly induce many but small modifications or DNA damages on the DNA strands, resulting in producing several point like mutations on the genome. On the contrary, ion beams as a high LET ionizing radiation will cause not so many but large and irreparable DNA damage locally, resulting in producing limited number of null mutation. Ion beam-induced mutation will be useful to produce novel and null mutation with high frequency for the coming functional genomics. Furthermore, as ion beams could produce mutant with large DNA alteration such as deletion and inversion. Shikazono et al. (2003) reported novel tt mutants in Arabidopsis thaliana induced by ion-beams. They demonstrated from the present study that the frequencies of embryonic lethal and chlorophyll-deficient mutants induced by carbon ions with 11-fold and 7.8-fold higher, respectively, than those induced by electrons and that the mutation rate per Gray of carbon ions (1.9 x 10 -6 /Gy) was 17-fold higher than that of electrons. It is known that carbon ions have a LET 500-fold higher than that of electrons. The 22
Page 1 and 2: Gamma Rays and Carbon Ion-Beams Irr
Page 3 and 4: Table of contents Chapter 1 1.1. In
Page 5 and 6: 4.2.1.1. Cultivars of banana……
Page 7 and 8: and ‘Valery’, which are exporte
Page 9 and 10: ‘Cavendish Enano’, ‘Williams
Page 11 and 12: Although it is now found only in Au
Page 13 and 14: varieties bred at the Jamaican prog
Page 15 and 16: such as ‘Paka’ (AA) and ‘Pisa
Page 17 and 18: Resistance (PR). In connection with
Page 19 and 20: large number of improved mutant cro
Page 21 and 22: which migrated faster (Rf = 0.44) t
Page 23 and 24: is juglone (5 hydroxy-1,4-napthoqui
Page 25: experiments involving various biolo
Page 29 and 30: 2. 1. Materials and Methods Chapter
Page 31 and 32: 2. 1. 1. 4. FHIA-01 ‘FHIA-01’(M
Page 33 and 34: (Gamma room)” and “Carbon ion-b
Page 35 and 36: esulting from “Gamma Room” expe
Page 37 and 38: traits as female sterility and part
Page 39 and 40: 3. 2. 1. 3. Chronic irradiation ( 1
Page 41 and 42: Gy. ‘Williams’ and ‘Orito’
Page 43 and 44: a diploid clone (genomic constituti
Page 45 and 46: ‘Williams’ (93%), the necrotic
Page 47 and 48: etween the irradiation doses and th
Page 49 and 50: moment they are at the development
Page 51 and 52: A B C D Fig. 2. Cultivars of banana
Page 53 and 54: Weight of plantlets (g) Height of p
Page 55 and 56: Control 50 Gy 100 Gy 150 Gy Fig. 6.
Page 57 and 58: Control 50 Gy 100 Gy 150 Gy 200 Gy
Page 59 and 60: Survival rate (%) for LD50 Survival
Page 61 and 62: A B C D E F Fig. 12. A plant from
Page 63 and 64: B D AA E Fig 14. Banana meristems a
Page 65 and 66: A B C Orito Orito Orito Cavendish E
Page 67 and 68: No. plants No. plants No. plants No
Page 69 and 70: Circunference (cm) Plant height (cm
Page 71 and 72: Table 1. Differences of the plantle
Page 73 and 74: Table 3. Differences of the surviva
Page 75 and 76: Table 5. Selected materials reporti
Page 77 and 78:
Table 8. Factor of effectiveness an
Page 79 and 80:
deletion rather than point mutation
Page 81 and 82:
were recorded. From the results, th
Page 83 and 84:
4. 2. 2. Assessment of banana plant
Page 85 and 86:
placement among the plants (Fig. 30
Page 87 and 88:
hours, photographs of the leaf-disc
Page 89 and 90:
‘Williams’ (B) was obtained by
Page 91 and 92:
class limits values are clearly sep
Page 93 and 94:
values in ‘Cavendish Enano’ ran
Page 95 and 96:
Only a partial resistance was obser
Page 97 and 98:
Sigatoka but also fruit quality, po
Page 99 and 100:
A C Fig. 23. Banana plantlets packa
Page 101 and 102:
A C Fig. 25. Acclimatization of the
Page 103 and 104:
A C Fig. 27. Survival plantlets for
Page 105 and 106:
A C Fig. 29. Mycosphaerella fijiens
Page 107 and 108:
A C Fig. 31. Labor during transplan
Page 109 and 110:
B A Fig. 33. Establishment of the j
Page 111 and 112:
A B Fig. 35. Regenerated plantlets
Page 113 and 114:
Survival rate (%) for LD50 Survival
Page 115 and 116:
0 0.5 1 2 4 Fig 39. Banana plantlet
Page 117 and 118:
A B C Fig. 41. Regenerated explants
Page 119 and 120:
Range of optimum doses (Gy) 16 15 1
Page 121 and 122:
Percent of plants Percent of plants
Page 123 and 124:
LDNA-% LDNA-% DDP-days 100 80 60 40
Page 125 and 126:
Fig. 49. Hexaploid cells in ‘Cave
Page 127 and 128:
Table 10. Infection index (II-%), d
Page 129 and 130:
Table 12. DDP-days, II-% and LDNA-%
Page 131 and 132:
Chapter 5 General Discussion Gamma
Page 133 and 134:
FHIA-01 were not able to compare du
Page 135 and 136:
‘W 1 II 31’. In the case of ‘
Page 137 and 138:
Summary Both Gamma rays and Carbon
Page 139 and 140:
A ‘Cavendish Enano’ plant with
Page 141 and 142:
I extend my gratitude also to Dr. K
Page 143 and 144:
Cohan, J, P., C. Abadie, K. Tomekp
Page 145 and 146:
Hase, Y., M. Yamaguchi and A. Tanak
Page 147 and 148:
Molina, G. C. and J. P. Krausz (198
Page 149 and 150:
Roux, N. S. (2001). Mutation induct
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