an epidemiological study of listeriosis in dairy cattle

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silage eye), two predictor variables were associated with two outcome variables; vaccinating against Leptospirosis (associated with overall cases and milking cows) and the use straw bedding in cubicles (associated with winter cases and silage eye). The rest of the variables were associated with one outcome variable (Table 4. 7). 2 variables were associated with a decreased risk of disease; wilting grass prior to ensiling (associated with overall cases and winter cases) and controlling moles in fields (associated with winter cases and nervous signs). 10 of the 14 predictor variables were also found significant in the univariate analysis. Table 4. 7. The agreement between the different outcomes Predictor variables that Overall MC WC SE NS increased the risk of disease cases of Listeriosis in beef cattle* + + + + + cases of Listeriosis in sheep* + + + + + use of a mower conditioner* + + + + - ring feeders for grass silage (indoor)* + + + + - big bale silage* + - + + - maize silage feeding* + + - - + not storing manure + + - + - vaccinating against Leptospirosis* + + - - - straw bedding in cubicle* - - + + - big bale silage out uncovered* - + - - - grass silage ad libitum (outdoor) - - - + - clamp grass silage - - - + - decreased the risk of disease wilting + - + - - controlling moles* - - + - + MC milking cows, WC winter cases, SE silage eye, NS nervous signs, + association with outcome variables, - no association with outcome variables, * also statistically significant in univariate analysis (iii) Model 2:
This model was similar to the Model 1 but included only those farmers who fed maize silage (224 farms reported feeding maize silage). Maize silage related variables (making, storing, feeding etc.), all housing, dung disposal and general management variables were also included in the model. The variables used in this model are listed below. Forage feeding Grass silage Maize silage Hay Straw Root crops Housing housed cubicles used type of bedding sawdust straw General management 1) Overall cases: Maize silage fed source home made outdoor feeding fed in complete diet in ring feeders use of bedding adding bedding removing bedding cleaning out loose yard used type of bedding sawdust pasture management spread dung on the field grazing beef cattle grazing sheep indoor feeding fed ad libitum on the floor in complete diet in ring feeders in troughs straw use of bedding adding bedding removing bedding cleaning out other houses Listeriosis in others beef cattle sheep Vaccine Leptospirosis type of harvester forage harvester additive use used storage clamp dung disposal solid manure storage not stored slurry disposed Lung worm Herd size cows in 1995 heifers in 1995
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AN EPIDEMIOLOGICAL STUDY OF LISTERI
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In the second part of the study a l
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I would like to thank to Metin Oztu
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DECLARATION I declare that apart fr
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2. 2. Materials and Methods 47 2. 2
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4. 4. Discussion 125 CHAPTER 5 A pi
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CHAPTER 1 LIST OF TABLES AND FIGURE
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Table 3. 11. The relationship betwe
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CHAPTER 5 Table 5. 1. Date of visit
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Figure 6. 4. The monthly faecal exc
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Listeralla hepatolytica. In the sam
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Listeriolysin O (Fernandaz-Garayzab
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L. monocytogenes was the only recog
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Table 1. 2. Serovar distribution of
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Serotyping is based on the identifi
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electrophoresis. Different strains
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and others (1995) came to the concl
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animals suggests that L. monocytoge
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Immunity reducing Septicaemia facto
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monocytogenes and a prerequisite to
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a variable number of cases of encep
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The relationship between age and Li
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a reservoir from which it spreads t
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1. 8. Clinical signs and pathology
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is seldom clinical illness in the d
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Bacterial culture is widely used fo
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Differential diagnosis: Listerial m
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Since elimination of L. monocytogen
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first description, it was only 1980
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and meat products have resulted in
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infectious dose for the infection i
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a longitudinal study involving five
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in Britain. In this part of the stu
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groups were excluded from analysis.
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The proportions of farms with cases
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Table 2. 3. The proportion of anima
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percentage 50 45 40 35 30 25 20 15
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Milking cows (%) Rep. heifers (%) D
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Abortion 274 (57.8%) 28 (21.9%) Ner
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with others (Kanuk and Berenson 197
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occurred in replacement heifers and
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CHAPTER 3 The relationship between
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Page 87 and 88: To assess the relationship between
Page 89 and 90: ) Duration of housing: If animals w
Page 91 and 92: d) Presence of moles: Farmers were
Page 93 and 94: listeriosis. Maize silage feeding a
Page 95 and 96: found between the duration of feedi
Page 97 and 98: a) Type of housing : Housing animal
Page 99 and 100: Herd sizes n Y N OR P value x Y N O
Page 101 and 102: of disease. Similarly storing feed
Page 103 and 104: a) Type of forages: Feeding maize s
Page 105 and 106: ) Use of bedding: Using straw beddi
Page 107 and 108: ) Source of forages: Home made gras
Page 109 and 110: 1.29-18.22) whereas straw bedding i
Page 111 and 112: 100 2 34 2.33 0.01 X 2 22 3.35 0.01
Page 113 and 114: a) Dung disposal: Storage of manure
Page 115 and 116: vaccination against Leptospirosis +
Page 117 and 118: suppression of the growth of Lister
Page 119 and 120: 1989, Sargison 1993). It is also po
Page 121 and 122: L. monocytogenes has been isolated
Page 123 and 124: association (Kirkwood 1988, Thrusfi
Page 125 and 126: The predictor variables that met ou
Page 127 and 128: Forage feeding Maize silage Hay Str
Page 129 and 130: indoor feeding fed ad libitum on th
Page 131 and 132: cases of Listeriosis in sheep 2.9 1
Page 133 and 134: and controlling moles in fields wer
Page 135: Cases of Listeriosis in beef cattle
Page 139 and 140: Table 4. 9. The multivariate relati
Page 141 and 142: 5) Nervous signs: Cases of Listerio
Page 143 and 144: feeders, maize silage feeding in ri
Page 145 and 146: A contradictory finding was made ab
Page 147 and 148: selective enrichment broth, at refr
Page 149 and 150: growth of some strains of Listeria
Page 151 and 152: 5. 2. 2. Bacteriology : a) Culture
Page 153 and 154: culturing negative LSEB (1/10w/v) s
Page 155 and 156: 6) Sugar tests: Listeria are capabl
Page 157 and 158: uffered saline (PBS), pH 7.2, centr
Page 159 and 160: Investigation of non-specific bindi
Page 161 and 162: and 0.94 for L. monocytogenes (17/1
Page 163 and 164: Detection limit of the method: A si
Page 165 and 166: Relationship between housing, silag
Page 167 and 168: 5 13 3 3 1 3 1 1 1 6 14 1 4 5 3 1 0
Page 169 and 170: Table 5. 11. The relationship betwe
Page 171 and 172: frequency of isolation of L. monocy
Page 173 and 174: CHAPTER 6 A study of the dynamic of
Page 175 and 176: There were no sample size calculati
Page 177 and 178: 4 of the farms had their silage ana
Page 179 and 180: a) Faecal samples: Faecal samples w
Page 181 and 182: • • • 1 5 9 6. 2. 5. Sample p
Page 183 and 184: A total of 944 isolates of L. monoc
Page 185 and 186: UK), 0.5μM DNA primer, 1 unit Supe
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entered and left the herd over the
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Table 6. 7. Monthly frequency of ex
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Table 6. 8. The relationship betwee
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(MA) mean age, (n) number, (R) rang
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frequency of excretion (P
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There was no evidence from this far
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) Environmental samples: Both L. in
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monocytogenes. By April the proport
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A total of 211 milking cows were ex
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100 % 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0
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The number of new cases each month
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monocytogenes was also isolated fro
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Table 6. 18 The isolates, their ori
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Table 6. 19. The distribution of th
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On farm C pattern 1 was detected in
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Figure 6. 8. The repeatability of R
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Figure 6. 10. The distribution of s
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Figure 6. 12a. The RAPD pattern obt
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1988, Husu 1990) and from zero to a
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experimentally been shown that ther
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periods. However, on farms B and E
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A large number of L. monocytogenes
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Figure 6. 13. Animal-environment cy
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Some important farming practices we
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chance finding of L. monocytogenes
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Asahi, O., Hosoda, T. and Akuyama,
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Bourry, A. and Poutrel, B. (1996) B
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Chakraborty, T., Ebel, F., Wehland,
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delGarso, L. and Wallop, W. (1975)
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Eveland, W.C. (1963) Demonstration
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Fraser, J.A. and Sperber, W.H. (198
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Golden, D.A, Beuchat, L.R. and Brac
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humans. In Miller, A.J.,. Smith, J.
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Jones, F.S. and Little, R.B. (1934)
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Listeria innocua by oral inoculatio
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Low, J.C. and Donachie, W.A. (1997)
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McBride, M.E. and Girard, K.F. (196
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Nieman, R.E. and Lorber, B. (1980)
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Peters, M., Pohlenz, J., Jaton, K.,
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Bakteriologie, Mikrobiologie und Hy
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Seeliger, H.P.R. (1981) Apathogenic
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Tilney, L.G. and Portnoy, D.A. (198
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Walker, J.K., Morgan, J.H., McLauch
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APPENDIX 3 PREPARATION OF BACTERIOL
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Cool to 50 0 C Mix Solution A with
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Phosphate buffered saline (PBS; 10x
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APPENDIX 2 THE OVERALL RESULTS OF U
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Grass silage Y N OR (95% CL) p Valu
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storage Y N OR (95% CL) p Value cla
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source home made 38 182 0.6 (0.1-16
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source home made 34 345 0.8 (0.3-2.
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source barley 27 251 0.93(0.6-1.6)
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source potatoes 2 11 1.4 (0.-7.7) 0
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in a covered barn 73 595 0.8 (0.4-1
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sawdust 0 16 0.0 (0.0-2.73) 0.3 str
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APPENDIX 5 THE QUESTIONNAIRE AND TH
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Abbreviations: 1 first blood sampli
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B 113 1 114 1 115 1 116 1 117 1 118
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B 104 1 104 2 104 3 105 1 105 2 105
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B 20 1 20 2 20 3 21 1 21 2 21 3 19
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0.169 1.157 1.134 1.467 1.356 0.145
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Plate 4 Layout and ODs B 73 1 73 2
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UNIVERSITY OF BRISTOL LISTERIOSIS I
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PART C : HERD SIZE :--BETWEEN JULY
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(please circle one for each) 3. Wha
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etween which months were your milki
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not stored beneath the slats compos
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STUDY OF LISTERIOSIS IN DAIRY CATTL
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STUDY OF LISTERIOSIS IN DAIRY CATTL
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Now I would like to get some detail
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Root crops : ______________________
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In this section I will be asking qu
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33. Which days of the week bulk tan
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-what was used to treat? -what was
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an epidemiological study of listeriosis in dairy cattle

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