an epidemiological study of listeriosis in dairy cattle

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STUDY OF LISTERIOSIS IN DAIRY CATTLE Dear Sir/ Madam, The response rate in this study is now 60%. We need a response rate of 70% in order to obtain information which will help to prevent Listeriosis in cattle. Please help us to do this by completing your questionnaire over the Christmas period and returning to us. We will close the study on the 12th January 1996. It is important that you return the questionnaire even if you have not had any cases of Listeriosis in your herd. We need your help and thank you in anticipation. Merry Christmas Yours sincerely H. M. Erdogan, DVM P. J. Cripps, BSc, MSc (Epid), BVSc, PhD, MRCVS L. E. Green, BVSc, MSc (Epid), PhD, MRCVS K. L. Morgan, BA, VetMB, PhD, MRCVS
UNIVERSITY OF LIVERPOOL STUDY OF LISTERIOSIS IN DAIRY CATTLE I would like to ask you some questions about the history of listeriosis on your farm. I may have already asked some of these questions partially but for completeness I will ask them again. 1. Have you ever had any cases of listeriosis in your :-milking cows/heifers? Yes No (please circle one) replacement heifers? Yes No dairy calves? Yes No 2. If yes, could you please state when the last case was seen in your milking cows?_____________ _____________ _____________ 3. If you had a case of listeriosis, which of the following symptoms were seen in listeriosis case(s) ? nervous signs (please circle one or more) silage eye sudden death diarrhoea abortion mastitis in your replacement heifers? in your dairy calves?
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AN EPIDEMIOLOGICAL STUDY OF LISTERI
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In the second part of the study a l
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I would like to thank to Metin Oztu
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DECLARATION I declare that apart fr
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2. 2. Materials and Methods 47 2. 2
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4. 4. Discussion 125 CHAPTER 5 A pi
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CHAPTER 1 LIST OF TABLES AND FIGURE
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Table 3. 11. The relationship betwe
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CHAPTER 5 Table 5. 1. Date of visit
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Figure 6. 4. The monthly faecal exc
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Listeralla hepatolytica. In the sam
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Listeriolysin O (Fernandaz-Garayzab
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L. monocytogenes was the only recog
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Table 1. 2. Serovar distribution of
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Serotyping is based on the identifi
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electrophoresis. Different strains
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and others (1995) came to the concl
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animals suggests that L. monocytoge
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Immunity reducing Septicaemia facto
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monocytogenes and a prerequisite to
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a variable number of cases of encep
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The relationship between age and Li
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a reservoir from which it spreads t
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1. 8. Clinical signs and pathology
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is seldom clinical illness in the d
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Bacterial culture is widely used fo
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Differential diagnosis: Listerial m
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Since elimination of L. monocytogen
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first description, it was only 1980
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and meat products have resulted in
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infectious dose for the infection i
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a longitudinal study involving five
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in Britain. In this part of the stu
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groups were excluded from analysis.
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The proportions of farms with cases
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Table 2. 3. The proportion of anima
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percentage 50 45 40 35 30 25 20 15
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Milking cows (%) Rep. heifers (%) D
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Abortion 274 (57.8%) 28 (21.9%) Ner
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with others (Kanuk and Berenson 197
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occurred in replacement heifers and
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CHAPTER 3 The relationship between
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(ii) Cases in milking cows: Farms r
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To assess the relationship between
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) Duration of housing: If animals w
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d) Presence of moles: Farmers were
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listeriosis. Maize silage feeding a
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found between the duration of feedi
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a) Type of housing : Housing animal
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Herd sizes n Y N OR P value x Y N O
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of disease. Similarly storing feed
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a) Type of forages: Feeding maize s
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) Use of bedding: Using straw beddi
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) Source of forages: Home made gras
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1.29-18.22) whereas straw bedding i
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100 2 34 2.33 0.01 X 2 22 3.35 0.01
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a) Dung disposal: Storage of manure
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vaccination against Leptospirosis +
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suppression of the growth of Lister
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1989, Sargison 1993). It is also po
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L. monocytogenes has been isolated
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association (Kirkwood 1988, Thrusfi
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The predictor variables that met ou
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Forage feeding Maize silage Hay Str
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indoor feeding fed ad libitum on th
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cases of Listeriosis in sheep 2.9 1
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and controlling moles in fields wer
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Cases of Listeriosis in beef cattle
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This model was similar to the Model
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Table 4. 9. The multivariate relati
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5) Nervous signs: Cases of Listerio
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feeders, maize silage feeding in ri
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A contradictory finding was made ab
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selective enrichment broth, at refr
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growth of some strains of Listeria
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5. 2. 2. Bacteriology : a) Culture
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culturing negative LSEB (1/10w/v) s
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6) Sugar tests: Listeria are capabl
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uffered saline (PBS), pH 7.2, centr
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Investigation of non-specific bindi
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and 0.94 for L. monocytogenes (17/1
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Detection limit of the method: A si
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Relationship between housing, silag
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5 13 3 3 1 3 1 1 1 6 14 1 4 5 3 1 0
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Table 5. 11. The relationship betwe
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frequency of isolation of L. monocy
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CHAPTER 6 A study of the dynamic of
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There were no sample size calculati
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4 of the farms had their silage ana
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a) Faecal samples: Faecal samples w
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• • • 1 5 9 6. 2. 5. Sample p
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A total of 944 isolates of L. monoc
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UK), 0.5μM DNA primer, 1 unit Supe
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entered and left the herd over the
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Table 6. 7. Monthly frequency of ex
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Table 6. 8. The relationship betwee
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(MA) mean age, (n) number, (R) rang
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frequency of excretion (P
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There was no evidence from this far
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) Environmental samples: Both L. in
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monocytogenes. By April the proport
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A total of 211 milking cows were ex
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100 % 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0
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The number of new cases each month
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monocytogenes was also isolated fro
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Table 6. 18 The isolates, their ori
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Table 6. 19. The distribution of th
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On farm C pattern 1 was detected in
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Figure 6. 8. The repeatability of R
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Figure 6. 10. The distribution of s
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Figure 6. 12a. The RAPD pattern obt
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1988, Husu 1990) and from zero to a
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experimentally been shown that ther
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periods. However, on farms B and E
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A large number of L. monocytogenes
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Figure 6. 13. Animal-environment cy
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Some important farming practices we
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chance finding of L. monocytogenes
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Asahi, O., Hosoda, T. and Akuyama,
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Bourry, A. and Poutrel, B. (1996) B
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Chakraborty, T., Ebel, F., Wehland,
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delGarso, L. and Wallop, W. (1975)
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Eveland, W.C. (1963) Demonstration
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Fraser, J.A. and Sperber, W.H. (198
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Golden, D.A, Beuchat, L.R. and Brac
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humans. In Miller, A.J.,. Smith, J.
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Jones, F.S. and Little, R.B. (1934)
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Listeria innocua by oral inoculatio
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Low, J.C. and Donachie, W.A. (1997)
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McBride, M.E. and Girard, K.F. (196
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Nieman, R.E. and Lorber, B. (1980)
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Peters, M., Pohlenz, J., Jaton, K.,
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Bakteriologie, Mikrobiologie und Hy
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Seeliger, H.P.R. (1981) Apathogenic
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Tilney, L.G. and Portnoy, D.A. (198
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Walker, J.K., Morgan, J.H., McLauch
Page 273 and 274: APPENDIX 3 PREPARATION OF BACTERIOL
Page 275 and 276: Cool to 50 0 C Mix Solution A with
Page 277 and 278: Phosphate buffered saline (PBS; 10x
Page 279 and 280: APPENDIX 2 THE OVERALL RESULTS OF U
Page 281 and 282: Grass silage Y N OR (95% CL) p Valu
Page 283 and 284: storage Y N OR (95% CL) p Value cla
Page 285 and 286: source home made 38 182 0.6 (0.1-16
Page 287 and 288: source home made 34 345 0.8 (0.3-2.
Page 289 and 290: source barley 27 251 0.93(0.6-1.6)
Page 291 and 292: source potatoes 2 11 1.4 (0.-7.7) 0
Page 293 and 294: in a covered barn 73 595 0.8 (0.4-1
Page 295 and 296: sawdust 0 16 0.0 (0.0-2.73) 0.3 str
Page 297 and 298: APPENDIX 5 THE QUESTIONNAIRE AND TH
Page 299 and 300: Abbreviations: 1 first blood sampli
Page 301 and 302: B 113 1 114 1 115 1 116 1 117 1 118
Page 303 and 304: B 104 1 104 2 104 3 105 1 105 2 105
Page 305 and 306: B 20 1 20 2 20 3 21 1 21 2 21 3 19
Page 307 and 308: 0.169 1.157 1.134 1.467 1.356 0.145
Page 309 and 310: Plate 4 Layout and ODs B 73 1 73 2
Page 312 and 313: UNIVERSITY OF BRISTOL LISTERIOSIS I
Page 314 and 315: PART C : HERD SIZE :--BETWEEN JULY
Page 316 and 317: (please circle one for each) 3. Wha
Page 318 and 319: etween which months were your milki
Page 320 and 321: not stored beneath the slats compos
Page 322 and 323: STUDY OF LISTERIOSIS IN DAIRY CATTL
Page 326 and 327: Now I would like to get some detail
Page 328 and 329: Root crops : ______________________
Page 330 and 331: In this section I will be asking qu
Page 332 and 333: 33. Which days of the week bulk tan
Page 334 and 335: -what was used to treat? -what was
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an epidemiological study of listeriosis in dairy cattle

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