an epidemiological study of listeriosis in dairy cattle

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Donachie, W. and Low, J.C. (1995) Ovine listeriosis. In Raw, M.E. and Parkinson, T.J. The Veterinary Annual. Blackwell Sci. Pub. Cambridge. Vol. 35, pp.304-312. Donachie, W., Low, J.C., Chalmers, R.M., McLauchlin, J. Freeman, R. and Sisson, P.R. (1992) Characterisation of Listeria monocytogenes strains isolated from sheep and silage by serotyping, multilocus enzyme electrophoresis and pyrolysis mass spectrometry In: Proceeding of the 11th International Symposium on the Problems of Listeriosis, Copenhagen, Denmark. pp 64-65. Donald, A.S., Fenlon, D.R. and Seddon, B. (1995) The relationship between ecophysiology, indigenous microflora and growth of Listeria-monocytogenes in grass-silage. Journal of Applied Bacteriology, 79 (2), 141-148. Donker-Voet, J. (1972) Listeria monocytogenes: some biochemical and serological aspects.Acta Microbiologica Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae, 19, 287- 291. Dramsi, S., Dehoux, P., Lebrun, M., Goossens, P.L. and Cossart, P. (1997) Identification of four new members of the internalin multigene family of Listeria monocytogenes EGD. Infection and Immunity, 65 (5), 1615-1625. Dramsi, S., Lebrun, M. and Cossart, P. (1996) Molecular and genetic-determinants involved in invasion of mammalian-cells by Listeria monocytogenes. Current Topics in Microbiology and Immunology, 209, 61-77. EGRET (1993) Epidemiological Graphic Estimation and Testing Package. Statistics and Epidemiology Research Corp. Washington, Seattle, WA. Eld, K., Danielssontham, M.L., Gunnarsson, A. and Tham, W. (1993) Comparison of a cold enrichment method and the IDF method for isolation of Listeria monocytogenes from animal autopsy material. Veterinary Microbiology, 36 (1-2), 185-189. 227
Eveland, W.C. (1963) Demonstration of Listeria monocytogenes in direct examination of spinal fluid by fluorescent antibody technique. Journal of Bacteriology, 59, 617-619. Facinelli, B., Giovanetti, E., Varaldo, P.E., Casolari, P. and Fabio, U. (1991) Antibiotic resistance in foodborne Listeria. Lancet, 338 (8777) 1272. Facinelli, B., Varaldo, P.E., Toni, M., Casolari, C. and Fabio, U. (1989) Ignorance about Listeria. British Medical Journal, 299 (6701), 738. Farber, J.M. and Peterkin, P.I. (1991) Listeria monocytogenes, a foodborne pathogen. Microbiological Reviews; 55, 476-511. Fenlon, D.R. (1986a) Growth of naturally occurring Listeria spp. in silage: A comparative study of laboratory and farm ensiled grass. Grass and Forage Science; 41, 375-378. Fenlon D.R. (1986b) Rapid quantitative assessment of the distribution of Listeria in silage implicated in a suspected outbreak of listeriosis in calves. The Veterinary Record; 118, 240-242. Fenlon D.R. (1986c) Silage as an enrichment medium for Listeria: The implications for big bale silage. In Cortieu, A.L., Espaze, E.P. and Reynaud, A.E. Proceeding of the 9th International Symposium on the Problems of Listeriosis, Nantes, University of Nantes, France. pp 313-316. Fenlon D.R. (1988) Listeriosis. In Stark, B.A. and Wilkinson, J.M. (ed.). Silage and Health. Chalcombe Publications, Aberystwyth. pp 7-19. Fenlon, D.R. (1985) Wild birds and silage as reservoirs of Listeria in the agricultural environment. Journal of Applied Bacteriology, 59 (6), 537-543. Fenlon, D.R. and Wilson, J. (1989) The incidence of Listeria monocytogenes in farm bulk milks in NE Scotland. Acta Microbiologica Hungarica, 36 (2-3), 255- 258. 228
Page 1 and 2:
AN EPIDEMIOLOGICAL STUDY OF LISTERI
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In the second part of the study a l
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I would like to thank to Metin Oztu
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DECLARATION I declare that apart fr
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2. 2. Materials and Methods 47 2. 2
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4. 4. Discussion 125 CHAPTER 5 A pi
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CHAPTER 1 LIST OF TABLES AND FIGURE
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Table 3. 11. The relationship betwe
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CHAPTER 5 Table 5. 1. Date of visit
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Figure 6. 4. The monthly faecal exc
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Listeralla hepatolytica. In the sam
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Listeriolysin O (Fernandaz-Garayzab
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L. monocytogenes was the only recog
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Table 1. 2. Serovar distribution of
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Serotyping is based on the identifi
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electrophoresis. Different strains
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and others (1995) came to the concl
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animals suggests that L. monocytoge
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Immunity reducing Septicaemia facto
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monocytogenes and a prerequisite to
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a variable number of cases of encep
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The relationship between age and Li
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a reservoir from which it spreads t
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1. 8. Clinical signs and pathology
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is seldom clinical illness in the d
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Bacterial culture is widely used fo
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Differential diagnosis: Listerial m
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Since elimination of L. monocytogen
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first description, it was only 1980
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and meat products have resulted in
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infectious dose for the infection i
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a longitudinal study involving five
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in Britain. In this part of the stu
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groups were excluded from analysis.
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The proportions of farms with cases
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Table 2. 3. The proportion of anima
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percentage 50 45 40 35 30 25 20 15
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Milking cows (%) Rep. heifers (%) D
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Abortion 274 (57.8%) 28 (21.9%) Ner
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with others (Kanuk and Berenson 197
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occurred in replacement heifers and
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CHAPTER 3 The relationship between
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(ii) Cases in milking cows: Farms r
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To assess the relationship between
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) Duration of housing: If animals w
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d) Presence of moles: Farmers were
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listeriosis. Maize silage feeding a
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found between the duration of feedi
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a) Type of housing : Housing animal
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Herd sizes n Y N OR P value x Y N O
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of disease. Similarly storing feed
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a) Type of forages: Feeding maize s
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) Use of bedding: Using straw beddi
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) Source of forages: Home made gras
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1.29-18.22) whereas straw bedding i
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100 2 34 2.33 0.01 X 2 22 3.35 0.01
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a) Dung disposal: Storage of manure
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vaccination against Leptospirosis +
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suppression of the growth of Lister
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1989, Sargison 1993). It is also po
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L. monocytogenes has been isolated
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association (Kirkwood 1988, Thrusfi
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The predictor variables that met ou
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Forage feeding Maize silage Hay Str
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indoor feeding fed ad libitum on th
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cases of Listeriosis in sheep 2.9 1
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and controlling moles in fields wer
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Cases of Listeriosis in beef cattle
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This model was similar to the Model
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Table 4. 9. The multivariate relati
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5) Nervous signs: Cases of Listerio
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feeders, maize silage feeding in ri
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A contradictory finding was made ab
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selective enrichment broth, at refr
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growth of some strains of Listeria
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5. 2. 2. Bacteriology : a) Culture
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culturing negative LSEB (1/10w/v) s
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6) Sugar tests: Listeria are capabl
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uffered saline (PBS), pH 7.2, centr
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Investigation of non-specific bindi
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and 0.94 for L. monocytogenes (17/1
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Detection limit of the method: A si
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Relationship between housing, silag
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5 13 3 3 1 3 1 1 1 6 14 1 4 5 3 1 0
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Table 5. 11. The relationship betwe
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frequency of isolation of L. monocy
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CHAPTER 6 A study of the dynamic of
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There were no sample size calculati
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4 of the farms had their silage ana
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a) Faecal samples: Faecal samples w
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• • • 1 5 9 6. 2. 5. Sample p
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A total of 944 isolates of L. monoc
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UK), 0.5μM DNA primer, 1 unit Supe
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entered and left the herd over the
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Table 6. 7. Monthly frequency of ex
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Table 6. 8. The relationship betwee
Page 193 and 194: (MA) mean age, (n) number, (R) rang
Page 195 and 196: frequency of excretion (P
Page 197 and 198: There was no evidence from this far
Page 199 and 200: ) Environmental samples: Both L. in
Page 201 and 202: monocytogenes. By April the proport
Page 203 and 204: A total of 211 milking cows were ex
Page 205 and 206: 100 % 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0
Page 207 and 208: The number of new cases each month
Page 209 and 210: monocytogenes was also isolated fro
Page 211 and 212: Table 6. 18 The isolates, their ori
Page 213 and 214: Table 6. 19. The distribution of th
Page 215 and 216: On farm C pattern 1 was detected in
Page 217 and 218: Figure 6. 8. The repeatability of R
Page 219 and 220: Figure 6. 10. The distribution of s
Page 221 and 222: Figure 6. 12a. The RAPD pattern obt
Page 223 and 224: 1988, Husu 1990) and from zero to a
Page 225 and 226: experimentally been shown that ther
Page 227 and 228: periods. However, on farms B and E
Page 229 and 230: A large number of L. monocytogenes
Page 231 and 232: Figure 6. 13. Animal-environment cy
Page 233 and 234: Some important farming practices we
Page 235 and 236: chance finding of L. monocytogenes
Page 237 and 238: Asahi, O., Hosoda, T. and Akuyama,
Page 239 and 240: Bourry, A. and Poutrel, B. (1996) B
Page 241 and 242: Chakraborty, T., Ebel, F., Wehland,
Page 243: delGarso, L. and Wallop, W. (1975)
Page 247 and 248: Fraser, J.A. and Sperber, W.H. (198
Page 249 and 250: Golden, D.A, Beuchat, L.R. and Brac
Page 251 and 252: humans. In Miller, A.J.,. Smith, J.
Page 253 and 254: Jones, F.S. and Little, R.B. (1934)
Page 255 and 256: Listeria innocua by oral inoculatio
Page 257 and 258: Low, J.C. and Donachie, W.A. (1997)
Page 259 and 260: McBride, M.E. and Girard, K.F. (196
Page 261 and 262: Nieman, R.E. and Lorber, B. (1980)
Page 263 and 264: Peters, M., Pohlenz, J., Jaton, K.,
Page 265 and 266: Bakteriologie, Mikrobiologie und Hy
Page 267 and 268: Seeliger, H.P.R. (1981) Apathogenic
Page 269 and 270: Tilney, L.G. and Portnoy, D.A. (198
Page 271 and 272: Walker, J.K., Morgan, J.H., McLauch
Page 273 and 274: APPENDIX 3 PREPARATION OF BACTERIOL
Page 275 and 276: Cool to 50 0 C Mix Solution A with
Page 277 and 278: Phosphate buffered saline (PBS; 10x
Page 279 and 280: APPENDIX 2 THE OVERALL RESULTS OF U
Page 281 and 282: Grass silage Y N OR (95% CL) p Valu
Page 283 and 284: storage Y N OR (95% CL) p Value cla
Page 285 and 286: source home made 38 182 0.6 (0.1-16
Page 287 and 288: source home made 34 345 0.8 (0.3-2.
Page 289 and 290: source barley 27 251 0.93(0.6-1.6)
Page 291 and 292: source potatoes 2 11 1.4 (0.-7.7) 0
Page 293 and 294: in a covered barn 73 595 0.8 (0.4-1
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sawdust 0 16 0.0 (0.0-2.73) 0.3 str
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APPENDIX 5 THE QUESTIONNAIRE AND TH
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Abbreviations: 1 first blood sampli
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B 113 1 114 1 115 1 116 1 117 1 118
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B 104 1 104 2 104 3 105 1 105 2 105
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B 20 1 20 2 20 3 21 1 21 2 21 3 19
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0.169 1.157 1.134 1.467 1.356 0.145
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Plate 4 Layout and ODs B 73 1 73 2
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UNIVERSITY OF BRISTOL LISTERIOSIS I
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PART C : HERD SIZE :--BETWEEN JULY
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(please circle one for each) 3. Wha
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etween which months were your milki
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not stored beneath the slats compos
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STUDY OF LISTERIOSIS IN DAIRY CATTL
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STUDY OF LISTERIOSIS IN DAIRY CATTL
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Now I would like to get some detail
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Root crops : ______________________
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In this section I will be asking qu
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33. Which days of the week bulk tan
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-what was used to treat? -what was
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an epidemiological study of listeriosis in dairy cattle

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