an epidemiological study of listeriosis in dairy cattle

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Figure 6. 12b. The RAPD patterns obtained from faecal isolates on farm D (primer 5) Lane 1; λ DNA Marker, Lane 2, 4, 5, 6 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, and 23; L. monocytogenes isolates from animals 1,2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20 and 21 respectively (Table 6. 18). 6. 4. Discussion: The aims of this study were to investigate the dynamics of L. monocytogenes infection in dairy cattle and the distribution of the strains of the organism present in the environment and in faecal samples. These were achieved by conducting a longitudinal study of five dairy farms in Northwest of England. Five farms were chosen because this was the maximum number that could be studied within the constraints of the project. Listeria are widespread in the environment and have been isolated from a variety of animal species and people (Gray and Killinger 1966). Faecal excretion of Listeria spp. and L. monocytogenes has been studied in dairy cattle and differences in the frequency of excretion have been reported between studies and between farms. Reports vary from a small proportion to 67% for Listeria spp. in different studies (Kampelmacher and van Noorle Jansen 1969, Ralovich 1987, Skovgaar and Morgen 206
1988, Husu 1990) and from zero to all animals on different farms (Skovgaar and Morgen 1988, Husu 1990). The use of different culture techniques and media has been suggested as a reason for these different frequencies (Husu 1990) and the difference between the farms has been attributed to different feeding practices (Skovgaar and Morgen 1988, Husu 1990). In this study too, there were differences between the farms in the proportion of animals positive for Listeria spp. and L. monocytogenes. It varied from 48% of cows on farm D to 89.1% on farm E for Listeria spp. and from 28.2% of cows on farm D to 79.3% on farm B for L. monocytogenes. Similarly differences in the monthly frequency of excretion were also observed between the farms in this study. The monthly frequency of excretion reported here showed a seasonal pattern but there were two distinct patterns of excretion. The first pattern seen on farms A, B and E was characterised by the high frequency of excretion between October and May. This was similar to the pattern observed in our pilot study (Chapter 5). This seasonality is also similar to that reported for clinical listeriosis (Chapter 2). A similar seasonality of excretion of Listeria spp. and L. monocytogenes in faeces was also reported by Husu (1990). However the frequency of excretion reported in our study was much higher than those observed by Husu (1990), where the excretion rates for L. monocytogenes were 0.9 % (3.5% for Listeria spp.) in September and 16.1% in December (19.4% for Listeria spp.). In contrast to the first group of the farms, the excretion rates on farms C and D were lower especially between October and April. The use of different culture techniques would not explain the differences seen between the farms in this study because the same culture technique was used throughout the study. There are a number of possible explanations for these differences between farms. They may be related to the strains of organism, the systems of husbandry or the proportion of susceptible animals. The difference in frequency of excretion may also be explained by the absence of some 207
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AN EPIDEMIOLOGICAL STUDY OF LISTERI
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In the second part of the study a l
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I would like to thank to Metin Oztu
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DECLARATION I declare that apart fr
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2. 2. Materials and Methods 47 2. 2
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4. 4. Discussion 125 CHAPTER 5 A pi
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CHAPTER 1 LIST OF TABLES AND FIGURE
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Table 3. 11. The relationship betwe
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CHAPTER 5 Table 5. 1. Date of visit
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Figure 6. 4. The monthly faecal exc
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Listeralla hepatolytica. In the sam
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Listeriolysin O (Fernandaz-Garayzab
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L. monocytogenes was the only recog
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Table 1. 2. Serovar distribution of
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Serotyping is based on the identifi
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electrophoresis. Different strains
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and others (1995) came to the concl
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animals suggests that L. monocytoge
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Immunity reducing Septicaemia facto
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monocytogenes and a prerequisite to
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a variable number of cases of encep
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The relationship between age and Li
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a reservoir from which it spreads t
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1. 8. Clinical signs and pathology
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is seldom clinical illness in the d
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Bacterial culture is widely used fo
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Differential diagnosis: Listerial m
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Since elimination of L. monocytogen
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first description, it was only 1980
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and meat products have resulted in
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infectious dose for the infection i
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a longitudinal study involving five
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in Britain. In this part of the stu
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groups were excluded from analysis.
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The proportions of farms with cases
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Table 2. 3. The proportion of anima
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percentage 50 45 40 35 30 25 20 15
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Milking cows (%) Rep. heifers (%) D
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Abortion 274 (57.8%) 28 (21.9%) Ner
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with others (Kanuk and Berenson 197
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occurred in replacement heifers and
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CHAPTER 3 The relationship between
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(ii) Cases in milking cows: Farms r
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To assess the relationship between
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) Duration of housing: If animals w
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d) Presence of moles: Farmers were
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listeriosis. Maize silage feeding a
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found between the duration of feedi
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a) Type of housing : Housing animal
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Herd sizes n Y N OR P value x Y N O
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of disease. Similarly storing feed
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a) Type of forages: Feeding maize s
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) Use of bedding: Using straw beddi
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) Source of forages: Home made gras
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1.29-18.22) whereas straw bedding i
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100 2 34 2.33 0.01 X 2 22 3.35 0.01
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a) Dung disposal: Storage of manure
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vaccination against Leptospirosis +
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suppression of the growth of Lister
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1989, Sargison 1993). It is also po
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L. monocytogenes has been isolated
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association (Kirkwood 1988, Thrusfi
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The predictor variables that met ou
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Forage feeding Maize silage Hay Str
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indoor feeding fed ad libitum on th
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cases of Listeriosis in sheep 2.9 1
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and controlling moles in fields wer
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Cases of Listeriosis in beef cattle
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This model was similar to the Model
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Table 4. 9. The multivariate relati
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5) Nervous signs: Cases of Listerio
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feeders, maize silage feeding in ri
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A contradictory finding was made ab
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selective enrichment broth, at refr
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growth of some strains of Listeria
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5. 2. 2. Bacteriology : a) Culture
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culturing negative LSEB (1/10w/v) s
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6) Sugar tests: Listeria are capabl
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uffered saline (PBS), pH 7.2, centr
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Investigation of non-specific bindi
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and 0.94 for L. monocytogenes (17/1
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Detection limit of the method: A si
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Relationship between housing, silag
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5 13 3 3 1 3 1 1 1 6 14 1 4 5 3 1 0
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Table 5. 11. The relationship betwe
Page 171 and 172: frequency of isolation of L. monocy
Page 173 and 174: CHAPTER 6 A study of the dynamic of
Page 175 and 176: There were no sample size calculati
Page 177 and 178: 4 of the farms had their silage ana
Page 179 and 180: a) Faecal samples: Faecal samples w
Page 181 and 182: • • • 1 5 9 6. 2. 5. Sample p
Page 183 and 184: A total of 944 isolates of L. monoc
Page 185 and 186: UK), 0.5μM DNA primer, 1 unit Supe
Page 187 and 188: entered and left the herd over the
Page 189 and 190: Table 6. 7. Monthly frequency of ex
Page 191 and 192: Table 6. 8. The relationship betwee
Page 193 and 194: (MA) mean age, (n) number, (R) rang
Page 195 and 196: frequency of excretion (P
Page 197 and 198: There was no evidence from this far
Page 199 and 200: ) Environmental samples: Both L. in
Page 201 and 202: monocytogenes. By April the proport
Page 203 and 204: A total of 211 milking cows were ex
Page 205 and 206: 100 % 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0
Page 207 and 208: The number of new cases each month
Page 209 and 210: monocytogenes was also isolated fro
Page 211 and 212: Table 6. 18 The isolates, their ori
Page 213 and 214: Table 6. 19. The distribution of th
Page 215 and 216: On farm C pattern 1 was detected in
Page 217 and 218: Figure 6. 8. The repeatability of R
Page 219 and 220: Figure 6. 10. The distribution of s
Page 221: Figure 6. 12a. The RAPD pattern obt
Page 225 and 226: experimentally been shown that ther
Page 227 and 228: periods. However, on farms B and E
Page 229 and 230: A large number of L. monocytogenes
Page 231 and 232: Figure 6. 13. Animal-environment cy
Page 233 and 234: Some important farming practices we
Page 235 and 236: chance finding of L. monocytogenes
Page 237 and 238: Asahi, O., Hosoda, T. and Akuyama,
Page 239 and 240: Bourry, A. and Poutrel, B. (1996) B
Page 241 and 242: Chakraborty, T., Ebel, F., Wehland,
Page 243 and 244: delGarso, L. and Wallop, W. (1975)
Page 245 and 246: Eveland, W.C. (1963) Demonstration
Page 247 and 248: Fraser, J.A. and Sperber, W.H. (198
Page 249 and 250: Golden, D.A, Beuchat, L.R. and Brac
Page 251 and 252: humans. In Miller, A.J.,. Smith, J.
Page 253 and 254: Jones, F.S. and Little, R.B. (1934)
Page 255 and 256: Listeria innocua by oral inoculatio
Page 257 and 258: Low, J.C. and Donachie, W.A. (1997)
Page 259 and 260: McBride, M.E. and Girard, K.F. (196
Page 261 and 262: Nieman, R.E. and Lorber, B. (1980)
Page 263 and 264: Peters, M., Pohlenz, J., Jaton, K.,
Page 265 and 266: Bakteriologie, Mikrobiologie und Hy
Page 267 and 268: Seeliger, H.P.R. (1981) Apathogenic
Page 269 and 270: Tilney, L.G. and Portnoy, D.A. (198
Page 271 and 272: Walker, J.K., Morgan, J.H., McLauch
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APPENDIX 3 PREPARATION OF BACTERIOL
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Cool to 50 0 C Mix Solution A with
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Phosphate buffered saline (PBS; 10x
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APPENDIX 2 THE OVERALL RESULTS OF U
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Grass silage Y N OR (95% CL) p Valu
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storage Y N OR (95% CL) p Value cla
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source home made 38 182 0.6 (0.1-16
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source home made 34 345 0.8 (0.3-2.
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source barley 27 251 0.93(0.6-1.6)
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source potatoes 2 11 1.4 (0.-7.7) 0
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in a covered barn 73 595 0.8 (0.4-1
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sawdust 0 16 0.0 (0.0-2.73) 0.3 str
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APPENDIX 5 THE QUESTIONNAIRE AND TH
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Abbreviations: 1 first blood sampli
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B 113 1 114 1 115 1 116 1 117 1 118
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B 104 1 104 2 104 3 105 1 105 2 105
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B 20 1 20 2 20 3 21 1 21 2 21 3 19
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0.169 1.157 1.134 1.467 1.356 0.145
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Plate 4 Layout and ODs B 73 1 73 2
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UNIVERSITY OF BRISTOL LISTERIOSIS I
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PART C : HERD SIZE :--BETWEEN JULY
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(please circle one for each) 3. Wha
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etween which months were your milki
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not stored beneath the slats compos
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STUDY OF LISTERIOSIS IN DAIRY CATTL
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STUDY OF LISTERIOSIS IN DAIRY CATTL
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Now I would like to get some detail
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Root crops : ______________________
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In this section I will be asking qu
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33. Which days of the week bulk tan
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-what was used to treat? -what was
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an epidemiological study of listeriosis in dairy cattle

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