an epidemiological study of listeriosis in dairy cattle

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Bedding 1 4 6 Water 1 4 6 Feed 5 1 Maize silage 5 1 Water 2 5 1 Bedding 2 6 6 Bedding 3 6 7 Water 3 7 1 Grass silage 9 1 Animal 1 1 7 Animal 2 1 7 Animal 3 1 7 Animal 4 1 12 Farm E visit* RAPD Animal 5 1 5 Animal 6 1 7 Animal 7 1 7 Animal 8 1 7 Animal 9 2 12 Animal 10 2 7 Animal 11 3 1 Animal 12 3 1 Animal 13 3 7 Animal 14 3 7 Animal 15 5 6 Animal 16 5 5 Animal 17 5 5 Animal 18 5 1 Animal 19 5 5 * visit on which isolate was made from the environment and faeces, @ Figure 6. 11, # Figure 6. 12a and 12b. A total of 113 isolates of L. monocytogenes (40 environmental and 73 faecal isolates) were examined (Table 6. 18). 12 distinct patterns were obtained. 9 different patterns were detected in environmental isolates and 9 in faecal isolates. 6 patterns were common to both. Patterns 1, 5, 6 and 7 were sequentially the most commonly identified in both samples (Table 6. 19). Patterns 10, 11 and 12 were not detected in environmental isolates and patterns 4, 8 and 9 were not detected in faecal isolates. On farms, a maximum 4 environmental patterns and 6 faecal patterns were identified. Pattern 1 was the most common in environmental (30%) and faecal isolates (34%). It shared this proportion with pattern 5 in environmental samples (30%). There were differences between the farms. Pattern 1 was most frequent on farms C and D. The predominant patterns on farms A, B and E were different. On farm A pattern 5 was most common, on farm B pattern 6 and 1 were present in similar proportions and on farm E pattern 7 was predominant (Table 6. 19). 196
Table 6. 19. The distribution of the RAPD patterns by their origin and the farms. RAPD patterns O N 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Farm A E 5 1 1 1 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 A 12 3 1 1 0 5 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 Farm B E 10 3 0 0 0 4 2 1 0 0 0 0 0 A 14 6 1 0 0 2 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 Farm C E 6 3 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 A 6 5 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Farm D E 10 0 0 0 0 7 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 A 22 8 4 0 3 2 0 0 0 0 4 1 0 Farm E E 9 5 0 0 0 0 3 1 0 0 0 0 0 A 19 3 0 0 0 4 1 9 0 0 0 0 2 Total E 40 12 (30) 1 (2.5) 1 (2.5) 2 (5) 12 (30) 8 (20) 2 (5) 1 (2.5) 1 (2.5) 0 0 0 A 73 25 (34) 7 (9.6) 1 (1.4) 0 14 (19) 10 (14) 9 (12.3) 0 0 4 (5.5) 1 (1.4) 2 (2.8) 113 37 (33) 8 (7) 2 (1.8) 2 (1.8) 26 (23) 18 (16) 11 (9.7) 1 (0.9) 1 (0.9) 4 (3.6) 1 (0.9) 2 (3.9) O origin, N number of isolates examined, E environment, A animals (faecal isolates), ( ) proportions. 197
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AN EPIDEMIOLOGICAL STUDY OF LISTERI
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In the second part of the study a l
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I would like to thank to Metin Oztu
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DECLARATION I declare that apart fr
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2. 2. Materials and Methods 47 2. 2
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4. 4. Discussion 125 CHAPTER 5 A pi
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CHAPTER 1 LIST OF TABLES AND FIGURE
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Table 3. 11. The relationship betwe
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CHAPTER 5 Table 5. 1. Date of visit
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Figure 6. 4. The monthly faecal exc
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Listeralla hepatolytica. In the sam
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Listeriolysin O (Fernandaz-Garayzab
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L. monocytogenes was the only recog
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Table 1. 2. Serovar distribution of
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Serotyping is based on the identifi
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electrophoresis. Different strains
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and others (1995) came to the concl
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animals suggests that L. monocytoge
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Immunity reducing Septicaemia facto
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monocytogenes and a prerequisite to
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a variable number of cases of encep
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The relationship between age and Li
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a reservoir from which it spreads t
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1. 8. Clinical signs and pathology
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is seldom clinical illness in the d
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Bacterial culture is widely used fo
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Differential diagnosis: Listerial m
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Since elimination of L. monocytogen
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first description, it was only 1980
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and meat products have resulted in
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infectious dose for the infection i
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a longitudinal study involving five
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in Britain. In this part of the stu
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groups were excluded from analysis.
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The proportions of farms with cases
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Table 2. 3. The proportion of anima
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percentage 50 45 40 35 30 25 20 15
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Milking cows (%) Rep. heifers (%) D
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Abortion 274 (57.8%) 28 (21.9%) Ner
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with others (Kanuk and Berenson 197
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occurred in replacement heifers and
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CHAPTER 3 The relationship between
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(ii) Cases in milking cows: Farms r
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To assess the relationship between
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) Duration of housing: If animals w
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d) Presence of moles: Farmers were
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listeriosis. Maize silage feeding a
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found between the duration of feedi
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a) Type of housing : Housing animal
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Herd sizes n Y N OR P value x Y N O
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of disease. Similarly storing feed
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a) Type of forages: Feeding maize s
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) Use of bedding: Using straw beddi
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) Source of forages: Home made gras
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1.29-18.22) whereas straw bedding i
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100 2 34 2.33 0.01 X 2 22 3.35 0.01
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a) Dung disposal: Storage of manure
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vaccination against Leptospirosis +
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suppression of the growth of Lister
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1989, Sargison 1993). It is also po
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L. monocytogenes has been isolated
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association (Kirkwood 1988, Thrusfi
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The predictor variables that met ou
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Forage feeding Maize silage Hay Str
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indoor feeding fed ad libitum on th
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cases of Listeriosis in sheep 2.9 1
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and controlling moles in fields wer
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Cases of Listeriosis in beef cattle
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This model was similar to the Model
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Table 4. 9. The multivariate relati
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5) Nervous signs: Cases of Listerio
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feeders, maize silage feeding in ri
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A contradictory finding was made ab
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selective enrichment broth, at refr
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growth of some strains of Listeria
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5. 2. 2. Bacteriology : a) Culture
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culturing negative LSEB (1/10w/v) s
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6) Sugar tests: Listeria are capabl
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uffered saline (PBS), pH 7.2, centr
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Investigation of non-specific bindi
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Page 163 and 164: Detection limit of the method: A si
Page 165 and 166: Relationship between housing, silag
Page 167 and 168: 5 13 3 3 1 3 1 1 1 6 14 1 4 5 3 1 0
Page 169 and 170: Table 5. 11. The relationship betwe
Page 171 and 172: frequency of isolation of L. monocy
Page 173 and 174: CHAPTER 6 A study of the dynamic of
Page 175 and 176: There were no sample size calculati
Page 177 and 178: 4 of the farms had their silage ana
Page 179 and 180: a) Faecal samples: Faecal samples w
Page 181 and 182: • • • 1 5 9 6. 2. 5. Sample p
Page 183 and 184: A total of 944 isolates of L. monoc
Page 185 and 186: UK), 0.5μM DNA primer, 1 unit Supe
Page 187 and 188: entered and left the herd over the
Page 189 and 190: Table 6. 7. Monthly frequency of ex
Page 191 and 192: Table 6. 8. The relationship betwee
Page 193 and 194: (MA) mean age, (n) number, (R) rang
Page 195 and 196: frequency of excretion (P
Page 197 and 198: There was no evidence from this far
Page 199 and 200: ) Environmental samples: Both L. in
Page 201 and 202: monocytogenes. By April the proport
Page 203 and 204: A total of 211 milking cows were ex
Page 205 and 206: 100 % 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0
Page 207 and 208: The number of new cases each month
Page 209 and 210: monocytogenes was also isolated fro
Page 211: Table 6. 18 The isolates, their ori
Page 215 and 216: On farm C pattern 1 was detected in
Page 217 and 218: Figure 6. 8. The repeatability of R
Page 219 and 220: Figure 6. 10. The distribution of s
Page 221 and 222: Figure 6. 12a. The RAPD pattern obt
Page 223 and 224: 1988, Husu 1990) and from zero to a
Page 225 and 226: experimentally been shown that ther
Page 227 and 228: periods. However, on farms B and E
Page 229 and 230: A large number of L. monocytogenes
Page 231 and 232: Figure 6. 13. Animal-environment cy
Page 233 and 234: Some important farming practices we
Page 235 and 236: chance finding of L. monocytogenes
Page 237 and 238: Asahi, O., Hosoda, T. and Akuyama,
Page 239 and 240: Bourry, A. and Poutrel, B. (1996) B
Page 241 and 242: Chakraborty, T., Ebel, F., Wehland,
Page 243 and 244: delGarso, L. and Wallop, W. (1975)
Page 245 and 246: Eveland, W.C. (1963) Demonstration
Page 247 and 248: Fraser, J.A. and Sperber, W.H. (198
Page 249 and 250: Golden, D.A, Beuchat, L.R. and Brac
Page 251 and 252: humans. In Miller, A.J.,. Smith, J.
Page 253 and 254: Jones, F.S. and Little, R.B. (1934)
Page 255 and 256: Listeria innocua by oral inoculatio
Page 257 and 258: Low, J.C. and Donachie, W.A. (1997)
Page 259 and 260: McBride, M.E. and Girard, K.F. (196
Page 261 and 262: Nieman, R.E. and Lorber, B. (1980)
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Peters, M., Pohlenz, J., Jaton, K.,
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Bakteriologie, Mikrobiologie und Hy
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Seeliger, H.P.R. (1981) Apathogenic
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Tilney, L.G. and Portnoy, D.A. (198
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Walker, J.K., Morgan, J.H., McLauch
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APPENDIX 3 PREPARATION OF BACTERIOL
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Cool to 50 0 C Mix Solution A with
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Phosphate buffered saline (PBS; 10x
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APPENDIX 2 THE OVERALL RESULTS OF U
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Grass silage Y N OR (95% CL) p Valu
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storage Y N OR (95% CL) p Value cla
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source home made 38 182 0.6 (0.1-16
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source home made 34 345 0.8 (0.3-2.
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source barley 27 251 0.93(0.6-1.6)
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source potatoes 2 11 1.4 (0.-7.7) 0
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in a covered barn 73 595 0.8 (0.4-1
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sawdust 0 16 0.0 (0.0-2.73) 0.3 str
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APPENDIX 5 THE QUESTIONNAIRE AND TH
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Abbreviations: 1 first blood sampli
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B 113 1 114 1 115 1 116 1 117 1 118
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B 104 1 104 2 104 3 105 1 105 2 105
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B 20 1 20 2 20 3 21 1 21 2 21 3 19
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0.169 1.157 1.134 1.467 1.356 0.145
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Plate 4 Layout and ODs B 73 1 73 2
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UNIVERSITY OF BRISTOL LISTERIOSIS I
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PART C : HERD SIZE :--BETWEEN JULY
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(please circle one for each) 3. Wha
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etween which months were your milki
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not stored beneath the slats compos
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STUDY OF LISTERIOSIS IN DAIRY CATTL
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STUDY OF LISTERIOSIS IN DAIRY CATTL
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Now I would like to get some detail
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Root crops : ______________________
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In this section I will be asking qu
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33. Which days of the week bulk tan
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-what was used to treat? -what was
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an epidemiological study of listeriosis in dairy cattle

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