an epidemiological study of listeriosis in dairy cattle

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Greenwood, M.H., Roberts, D. and Burden, P. (1991) The occurrence of Listeria species in milk and dairy products: A national survey in England and Wales. International Journal of Food Microbiology, 12 (2-3), 197-206. Gronstol, H. (1979a) Listeriosis in sheep: Isolation of Listeria monocytogenes from grass silage. Acta Veterinaria Scandinavia; 20, 492-497. Gronstol, H (1979b) Listeriosis in sheep. Listeria monocytogenes excretion and immunological state in healthy sheep. Acta Veterinaria Scandinavia; 20, 168- 179. Gronstol, H. (1980a) Listeriosis in sheep. Listeria monocytogenes in sheep fed hay or grass silage during pregnancy. Immunological state, white blood cell, total serum protein and serum iron. Acta Veterinaria Scandinavia; 21, 1-10. Gronstol, H. (1980b) Listeriosis in sheep. Isolation of Listeria monocytogenes from organs of slaughtered animals and dead animals submitted for post-mortem examination. Acta Veterinaria Scandinavia, 21, 11-17. Gronstol, H. (1986) Listeria. In Gyles, C.L. and Thoen, O.C. (eds.) Pathogenesis of Bacterial Infection in Animals. Iowa State Univ. Press. pp 49-55. Gudding, L., Nesse, L.L. and Gronstol, H. (1989) Immunisation against infection caused by Listeria monocytogenes in sheep; The Veterinary Record, 125, 111-114. Hayes, P.S., Graves, L.M., Ajello, G.W., Swaminathan, B., Weaver, R.E., Wenger, J.D., Schuchat, A. and Broome, C.V (1991) Comparison of cold enrichment and United States Department of Agriculture methods for isolating Listeria monocytogenes from naturally contaminated foods. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 57 (8), 2109-2113. Hird, D.W. and Genigeorgis, C. (1990). Listeriosis in food animals: clinical signs and livestock as a potential source of direct (non food-borne) infection for 233
humans. In Miller, A.J.,. Smith, J.L and Somkuti G.A. (ed.) Foodborne listeriosis. Society for Industrial Microbiology. Elsevier Science Publishing, Inc. New York. pp 31-39. Hof, H. (1991) Therapeutic activities of antibiotics in listeriosis. Infection, 19 (S4), S229-S233. Hofer, E. (1983) Bacteriologic and epidemiologic studies on the occurrence of Listeria monocytogenes in healthy cattle. Zentralblatt fur Bakteriologie Mikrobiologie und Hygiene Series A-Medical Microbiology Infectious Diseases Virology Parasitology, 256 (2), 175-183. Husu, J.R. (1990) Epidemiologic studies on the occurrence of Listeria monocytogenes in the faeces of dairy-cattle. Journal of Veterinary Medicine Series B- Zentralblatt fur Veterinarmedizin Reihe B -Infectious Diseases Immunobiology Food Hygiene Public Health, 37 (4), 276-282. Husu, J.R., Sivela, S.K. and Rauramaa, A.L. (1990a) Prevalence of Listeria species as related to chemical quality of farm ensiled grass. Grass and Forage Science, 45 (3), 309-314. Husu, J.R., Seppanen, J.T., Sivela, S.K. and Rauramaa, A.L. (1990b) Contamination of raw-milk by Listeria monocytogenes on dairy farms. Journal of Veterinary Medicine Series B-Zentralblatt fur Veterinarmedizin Reihe B-Infectious Diseases Immunobiology Food Hygiene Public Health, 37 (4), 268-275. Hyslop, N.St.G. (1975) Epidemiologic and immunologic factors in listeriosis. problem of listeriosis. In Woodbine, M. Proceeding of the 6th International Symposium on the Problems of Listeriosis, Nottingham, Leicester University Press, England. pp 94-105. 234
Page 1 and 2:
AN EPIDEMIOLOGICAL STUDY OF LISTERI
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In the second part of the study a l
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I would like to thank to Metin Oztu
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DECLARATION I declare that apart fr
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2. 2. Materials and Methods 47 2. 2
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4. 4. Discussion 125 CHAPTER 5 A pi
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CHAPTER 1 LIST OF TABLES AND FIGURE
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Table 3. 11. The relationship betwe
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CHAPTER 5 Table 5. 1. Date of visit
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Figure 6. 4. The monthly faecal exc
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Listeralla hepatolytica. In the sam
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Listeriolysin O (Fernandaz-Garayzab
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L. monocytogenes was the only recog
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Table 1. 2. Serovar distribution of
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Serotyping is based on the identifi
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electrophoresis. Different strains
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and others (1995) came to the concl
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animals suggests that L. monocytoge
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Immunity reducing Septicaemia facto
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monocytogenes and a prerequisite to
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a variable number of cases of encep
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The relationship between age and Li
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a reservoir from which it spreads t
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1. 8. Clinical signs and pathology
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is seldom clinical illness in the d
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Bacterial culture is widely used fo
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Differential diagnosis: Listerial m
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Since elimination of L. monocytogen
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first description, it was only 1980
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and meat products have resulted in
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infectious dose for the infection i
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a longitudinal study involving five
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in Britain. In this part of the stu
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groups were excluded from analysis.
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The proportions of farms with cases
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Table 2. 3. The proportion of anima
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percentage 50 45 40 35 30 25 20 15
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Milking cows (%) Rep. heifers (%) D
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Abortion 274 (57.8%) 28 (21.9%) Ner
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with others (Kanuk and Berenson 197
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occurred in replacement heifers and
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CHAPTER 3 The relationship between
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(ii) Cases in milking cows: Farms r
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To assess the relationship between
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) Duration of housing: If animals w
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d) Presence of moles: Farmers were
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listeriosis. Maize silage feeding a
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found between the duration of feedi
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a) Type of housing : Housing animal
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Herd sizes n Y N OR P value x Y N O
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of disease. Similarly storing feed
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a) Type of forages: Feeding maize s
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) Use of bedding: Using straw beddi
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) Source of forages: Home made gras
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1.29-18.22) whereas straw bedding i
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100 2 34 2.33 0.01 X 2 22 3.35 0.01
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a) Dung disposal: Storage of manure
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vaccination against Leptospirosis +
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suppression of the growth of Lister
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1989, Sargison 1993). It is also po
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L. monocytogenes has been isolated
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association (Kirkwood 1988, Thrusfi
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The predictor variables that met ou
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Forage feeding Maize silage Hay Str
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indoor feeding fed ad libitum on th
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cases of Listeriosis in sheep 2.9 1
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and controlling moles in fields wer
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Cases of Listeriosis in beef cattle
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This model was similar to the Model
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Table 4. 9. The multivariate relati
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5) Nervous signs: Cases of Listerio
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feeders, maize silage feeding in ri
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A contradictory finding was made ab
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selective enrichment broth, at refr
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growth of some strains of Listeria
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5. 2. 2. Bacteriology : a) Culture
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culturing negative LSEB (1/10w/v) s
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6) Sugar tests: Listeria are capabl
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uffered saline (PBS), pH 7.2, centr
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Investigation of non-specific bindi
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and 0.94 for L. monocytogenes (17/1
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Detection limit of the method: A si
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Relationship between housing, silag
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5 13 3 3 1 3 1 1 1 6 14 1 4 5 3 1 0
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Table 5. 11. The relationship betwe
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frequency of isolation of L. monocy
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CHAPTER 6 A study of the dynamic of
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There were no sample size calculati
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4 of the farms had their silage ana
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a) Faecal samples: Faecal samples w
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• • • 1 5 9 6. 2. 5. Sample p
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A total of 944 isolates of L. monoc
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UK), 0.5μM DNA primer, 1 unit Supe
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entered and left the herd over the
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Table 6. 7. Monthly frequency of ex
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Table 6. 8. The relationship betwee
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(MA) mean age, (n) number, (R) rang
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frequency of excretion (P
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There was no evidence from this far
Page 199 and 200: ) Environmental samples: Both L. in
Page 201 and 202: monocytogenes. By April the proport
Page 203 and 204: A total of 211 milking cows were ex
Page 205 and 206: 100 % 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0
Page 207 and 208: The number of new cases each month
Page 209 and 210: monocytogenes was also isolated fro
Page 211 and 212: Table 6. 18 The isolates, their ori
Page 213 and 214: Table 6. 19. The distribution of th
Page 215 and 216: On farm C pattern 1 was detected in
Page 217 and 218: Figure 6. 8. The repeatability of R
Page 219 and 220: Figure 6. 10. The distribution of s
Page 221 and 222: Figure 6. 12a. The RAPD pattern obt
Page 223 and 224: 1988, Husu 1990) and from zero to a
Page 225 and 226: experimentally been shown that ther
Page 227 and 228: periods. However, on farms B and E
Page 229 and 230: A large number of L. monocytogenes
Page 231 and 232: Figure 6. 13. Animal-environment cy
Page 233 and 234: Some important farming practices we
Page 235 and 236: chance finding of L. monocytogenes
Page 237 and 238: Asahi, O., Hosoda, T. and Akuyama,
Page 239 and 240: Bourry, A. and Poutrel, B. (1996) B
Page 241 and 242: Chakraborty, T., Ebel, F., Wehland,
Page 243 and 244: delGarso, L. and Wallop, W. (1975)
Page 245 and 246: Eveland, W.C. (1963) Demonstration
Page 247 and 248: Fraser, J.A. and Sperber, W.H. (198
Page 249: Golden, D.A, Beuchat, L.R. and Brac
Page 253 and 254: Jones, F.S. and Little, R.B. (1934)
Page 255 and 256: Listeria innocua by oral inoculatio
Page 257 and 258: Low, J.C. and Donachie, W.A. (1997)
Page 259 and 260: McBride, M.E. and Girard, K.F. (196
Page 261 and 262: Nieman, R.E. and Lorber, B. (1980)
Page 263 and 264: Peters, M., Pohlenz, J., Jaton, K.,
Page 265 and 266: Bakteriologie, Mikrobiologie und Hy
Page 267 and 268: Seeliger, H.P.R. (1981) Apathogenic
Page 269 and 270: Tilney, L.G. and Portnoy, D.A. (198
Page 271 and 272: Walker, J.K., Morgan, J.H., McLauch
Page 273 and 274: APPENDIX 3 PREPARATION OF BACTERIOL
Page 275 and 276: Cool to 50 0 C Mix Solution A with
Page 277 and 278: Phosphate buffered saline (PBS; 10x
Page 279 and 280: APPENDIX 2 THE OVERALL RESULTS OF U
Page 281 and 282: Grass silage Y N OR (95% CL) p Valu
Page 283 and 284: storage Y N OR (95% CL) p Value cla
Page 285 and 286: source home made 38 182 0.6 (0.1-16
Page 287 and 288: source home made 34 345 0.8 (0.3-2.
Page 289 and 290: source barley 27 251 0.93(0.6-1.6)
Page 291 and 292: source potatoes 2 11 1.4 (0.-7.7) 0
Page 293 and 294: in a covered barn 73 595 0.8 (0.4-1
Page 295 and 296: sawdust 0 16 0.0 (0.0-2.73) 0.3 str
Page 297 and 298: APPENDIX 5 THE QUESTIONNAIRE AND TH
Page 299 and 300: Abbreviations: 1 first blood sampli
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B 113 1 114 1 115 1 116 1 117 1 118
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B 104 1 104 2 104 3 105 1 105 2 105
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B 20 1 20 2 20 3 21 1 21 2 21 3 19
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0.169 1.157 1.134 1.467 1.356 0.145
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Plate 4 Layout and ODs B 73 1 73 2
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UNIVERSITY OF BRISTOL LISTERIOSIS I
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PART C : HERD SIZE :--BETWEEN JULY
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(please circle one for each) 3. Wha
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etween which months were your milki
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not stored beneath the slats compos
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STUDY OF LISTERIOSIS IN DAIRY CATTL
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STUDY OF LISTERIOSIS IN DAIRY CATTL
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Now I would like to get some detail
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Root crops : ______________________
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In this section I will be asking qu
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33. Which days of the week bulk tan
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-what was used to treat? -what was
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an epidemiological study of listeriosis in dairy cattle

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