an epidemiological study of listeriosis in dairy cattle

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molecules to CD4+ T helper 1 cells and those in the cytoplasmic compartment will be presented through MHC class I pathway to cytolytic CD8+ T cells. CD4+ T cells turn mononuclear phagocytes into potent effector cells by producing cytokines which allow the rapid killing of remaining organisms. Cytolytic CD 8+ T cells provide protection against infected non-professional phagocytes (Mackannes 1962, Kaufmann 1990, Portnoy 1992, Kaufmann 1993, Brombacher and Kopf 1996, North and Conlon 1998). 1. 7. Epidemiology a) Occurrence: Listeriosis is believed to be a sporadic disease, predominantly of ruminants. Sheep are affected frequently (Low and Donachie 1997) and a change in the pattern of disease from sporadic cases to outbreaks has been reported (Gitter 1986, Wilesmith and Gitter 1986, Gitter 1989) Clinical Listeriosis has been reported in a wide range of animals (more than 50 species) and L. monocytogenes has been isolated from reptiles, fishes, crustaceans, leeches, snails, arthropods and a variety of birds (pigeon etc.) (Gray and Killinger 1966, Hyslop 1975). The disease is rarely reported in the horse, pig, fowl, dog, cat, deer and in wild animals (rodents, birds) (Gray and Killinger 1966, Gitter 1989, reviewed by Radostits and others 1994) Although Listeriosis is of world wide distribution it has been an important problem in North America, Europe, Britain, New Zealand and Australia (reviewed by Radostits and others 1994). In the northern hemisphere, Listeriosis has a distinct seasonal occurrence with the highest prevalence in the winter months (between December and May) (Low and Linklater 1985, Ralovich 1987, reviewed by Radostits and others 1994). Sporadic cases of listeriosis have also been reported throughout the year. The morbidity is relatively low but mortality is high in the encephalitic form of the disease (reviewed by Radostits and others 1994). Wilesmith and Gitter (1986) reported 21
a variable number of cases of encephalitis in a survey of 60 flocks with the mean attack rate being 2.5%. This can be as high as 35% in serious outbreaks. The attack rate for abortion is reported in the region of 10% (reviewed by Radostits and others 1994). b) Distribution: L. monocytogenes is ubiquitous in the environment and has been isolated from a variety of animals and people (Gray and Killinger 1966). It has also been isolated from the faeces of healthy animals and people which indicates that it can live in the host’s intestine without causing any clinical illness. Several studies indicate that a variable proportion of animals excrete L. monocytogenes in their faeces. Kampelmacher and van Noorle-Jansen (1969) isolated L. monocytogenes from 15.3% and 6% of cattle kept in two different regions, similarly van Renterghem and colleagues (1991) isolated it from 20% of cattle faeces samples examined. In a survey carried out by Husu (1990) between 9. 2 % (indoor period) and 3.1% (outdoor period) of dairy cattle excreted L. monocytogenes in their faeces and the figures were higher when all Listeria spp. were considered. However Skovgaard and Morgen (1988) reported the highest excretion rates in cattle faeces 67% Listeria spp. and 51% L. monocytogenes. It has also been noted that the seasonal distribution of faecal carriage is the same as that of clinical Listeriosis in northern hemisphere (Husu 1990). The presence and concentration of L. monocytogenes in nature is believed to be influenced by environment and climate (Picar-Bonnaud and others 1989). L. monocytogenes has been isolated from soil, vegetation (soybean, corn, grass, forest, etc.), cultivated and uncultivated fields (Welshimer 1968, Welshimer and Donker-Voet 1971, Welshimer 1975, Weis 1975). This character of L. monocytogenes led some researchers to conclude that there was a saprophytic existence of the organism in the plant-soil environment wherein this environment served as a reservoir (Welshimer and 22
Page 1 and 2: AN EPIDEMIOLOGICAL STUDY OF LISTERI
Page 3 and 4: In the second part of the study a l
Page 5 and 6: I would like to thank to Metin Oztu
Page 7 and 8: DECLARATION I declare that apart fr
Page 9 and 10: 2. 2. Materials and Methods 47 2. 2
Page 11 and 12: 4. 4. Discussion 125 CHAPTER 5 A pi
Page 13 and 14: CHAPTER 1 LIST OF TABLES AND FIGURE
Page 15 and 16: Table 3. 11. The relationship betwe
Page 17 and 18: CHAPTER 5 Table 5. 1. Date of visit
Page 19 and 20: Figure 6. 4. The monthly faecal exc
Page 21 and 22: Listeralla hepatolytica. In the sam
Page 23 and 24: Listeriolysin O (Fernandaz-Garayzab
Page 25 and 26: L. monocytogenes was the only recog
Page 27 and 28: Table 1. 2. Serovar distribution of
Page 29 and 30: Serotyping is based on the identifi
Page 31 and 32: electrophoresis. Different strains
Page 33 and 34: and others (1995) came to the concl
Page 35 and 36: animals suggests that L. monocytoge
Page 37 and 38: Immunity reducing Septicaemia facto
Page 39: monocytogenes and a prerequisite to
Page 43 and 44: The relationship between age and Li
Page 45 and 46: a reservoir from which it spreads t
Page 47 and 48: 1. 8. Clinical signs and pathology
Page 49 and 50: is seldom clinical illness in the d
Page 51 and 52: Bacterial culture is widely used fo
Page 53 and 54: Differential diagnosis: Listerial m
Page 55 and 56: Since elimination of L. monocytogen
Page 57 and 58: first description, it was only 1980
Page 59 and 60: and meat products have resulted in
Page 61 and 62: infectious dose for the infection i
Page 63 and 64: a longitudinal study involving five
Page 65 and 66: in Britain. In this part of the stu
Page 67 and 68: groups were excluded from analysis.
Page 69 and 70: The proportions of farms with cases
Page 71 and 72: Table 2. 3. The proportion of anima
Page 73 and 74: percentage 50 45 40 35 30 25 20 15
Page 75 and 76: Milking cows (%) Rep. heifers (%) D
Page 77 and 78: Abortion 274 (57.8%) 28 (21.9%) Ner
Page 79 and 80: with others (Kanuk and Berenson 197
Page 81 and 82: occurred in replacement heifers and
Page 83 and 84: CHAPTER 3 The relationship between
Page 85 and 86: (ii) Cases in milking cows: Farms r
Page 87 and 88: To assess the relationship between
Page 89 and 90: ) Duration of housing: If animals w
Page 91 and 92:
d) Presence of moles: Farmers were
Page 93 and 94:
listeriosis. Maize silage feeding a
Page 95 and 96:
found between the duration of feedi
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a) Type of housing : Housing animal
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Herd sizes n Y N OR P value x Y N O
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of disease. Similarly storing feed
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a) Type of forages: Feeding maize s
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) Use of bedding: Using straw beddi
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) Source of forages: Home made gras
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1.29-18.22) whereas straw bedding i
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100 2 34 2.33 0.01 X 2 22 3.35 0.01
Page 113 and 114:
a) Dung disposal: Storage of manure
Page 115 and 116:
vaccination against Leptospirosis +
Page 117 and 118:
suppression of the growth of Lister
Page 119 and 120:
1989, Sargison 1993). It is also po
Page 121 and 122:
L. monocytogenes has been isolated
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association (Kirkwood 1988, Thrusfi
Page 125 and 126:
The predictor variables that met ou
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Forage feeding Maize silage Hay Str
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indoor feeding fed ad libitum on th
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cases of Listeriosis in sheep 2.9 1
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and controlling moles in fields wer
Page 135 and 136:
Cases of Listeriosis in beef cattle
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This model was similar to the Model
Page 139 and 140:
Table 4. 9. The multivariate relati
Page 141 and 142:
5) Nervous signs: Cases of Listerio
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feeders, maize silage feeding in ri
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A contradictory finding was made ab
Page 147 and 148:
selective enrichment broth, at refr
Page 149 and 150:
growth of some strains of Listeria
Page 151 and 152:
5. 2. 2. Bacteriology : a) Culture
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culturing negative LSEB (1/10w/v) s
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6) Sugar tests: Listeria are capabl
Page 157 and 158:
uffered saline (PBS), pH 7.2, centr
Page 159 and 160:
Investigation of non-specific bindi
Page 161 and 162:
and 0.94 for L. monocytogenes (17/1
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Detection limit of the method: A si
Page 165 and 166:
Relationship between housing, silag
Page 167 and 168:
5 13 3 3 1 3 1 1 1 6 14 1 4 5 3 1 0
Page 169 and 170:
Table 5. 11. The relationship betwe
Page 171 and 172:
frequency of isolation of L. monocy
Page 173 and 174:
CHAPTER 6 A study of the dynamic of
Page 175 and 176:
There were no sample size calculati
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4 of the farms had their silage ana
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a) Faecal samples: Faecal samples w
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• • • 1 5 9 6. 2. 5. Sample p
Page 183 and 184:
A total of 944 isolates of L. monoc
Page 185 and 186:
UK), 0.5μM DNA primer, 1 unit Supe
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entered and left the herd over the
Page 189 and 190:
Table 6. 7. Monthly frequency of ex
Page 191 and 192:
Table 6. 8. The relationship betwee
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(MA) mean age, (n) number, (R) rang
Page 195 and 196:
frequency of excretion (P
Page 197 and 198:
There was no evidence from this far
Page 199 and 200:
) Environmental samples: Both L. in
Page 201 and 202:
monocytogenes. By April the proport
Page 203 and 204:
A total of 211 milking cows were ex
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100 % 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0
Page 207 and 208:
The number of new cases each month
Page 209 and 210:
monocytogenes was also isolated fro
Page 211 and 212:
Table 6. 18 The isolates, their ori
Page 213 and 214:
Table 6. 19. The distribution of th
Page 215 and 216:
On farm C pattern 1 was detected in
Page 217 and 218:
Figure 6. 8. The repeatability of R
Page 219 and 220:
Figure 6. 10. The distribution of s
Page 221 and 222:
Figure 6. 12a. The RAPD pattern obt
Page 223 and 224:
1988, Husu 1990) and from zero to a
Page 225 and 226:
experimentally been shown that ther
Page 227 and 228:
periods. However, on farms B and E
Page 229 and 230:
A large number of L. monocytogenes
Page 231 and 232:
Figure 6. 13. Animal-environment cy
Page 233 and 234:
Some important farming practices we
Page 235 and 236:
chance finding of L. monocytogenes
Page 237 and 238:
Asahi, O., Hosoda, T. and Akuyama,
Page 239 and 240:
Bourry, A. and Poutrel, B. (1996) B
Page 241 and 242:
Chakraborty, T., Ebel, F., Wehland,
Page 243 and 244:
delGarso, L. and Wallop, W. (1975)
Page 245 and 246:
Eveland, W.C. (1963) Demonstration
Page 247 and 248:
Fraser, J.A. and Sperber, W.H. (198
Page 249 and 250:
Golden, D.A, Beuchat, L.R. and Brac
Page 251 and 252:
humans. In Miller, A.J.,. Smith, J.
Page 253 and 254:
Jones, F.S. and Little, R.B. (1934)
Page 255 and 256:
Listeria innocua by oral inoculatio
Page 257 and 258:
Low, J.C. and Donachie, W.A. (1997)
Page 259 and 260:
McBride, M.E. and Girard, K.F. (196
Page 261 and 262:
Nieman, R.E. and Lorber, B. (1980)
Page 263 and 264:
Peters, M., Pohlenz, J., Jaton, K.,
Page 265 and 266:
Bakteriologie, Mikrobiologie und Hy
Page 267 and 268:
Seeliger, H.P.R. (1981) Apathogenic
Page 269 and 270:
Tilney, L.G. and Portnoy, D.A. (198
Page 271 and 272:
Walker, J.K., Morgan, J.H., McLauch
Page 273 and 274:
APPENDIX 3 PREPARATION OF BACTERIOL
Page 275 and 276:
Cool to 50 0 C Mix Solution A with
Page 277 and 278:
Phosphate buffered saline (PBS; 10x
Page 279 and 280:
APPENDIX 2 THE OVERALL RESULTS OF U
Page 281 and 282:
Grass silage Y N OR (95% CL) p Valu
Page 283 and 284:
storage Y N OR (95% CL) p Value cla
Page 285 and 286:
source home made 38 182 0.6 (0.1-16
Page 287 and 288:
source home made 34 345 0.8 (0.3-2.
Page 289 and 290:
source barley 27 251 0.93(0.6-1.6)
Page 291 and 292:
source potatoes 2 11 1.4 (0.-7.7) 0
Page 293 and 294:
in a covered barn 73 595 0.8 (0.4-1
Page 295 and 296:
sawdust 0 16 0.0 (0.0-2.73) 0.3 str
Page 297 and 298:
APPENDIX 5 THE QUESTIONNAIRE AND TH
Page 299 and 300:
Abbreviations: 1 first blood sampli
Page 301 and 302:
B 113 1 114 1 115 1 116 1 117 1 118
Page 303 and 304:
B 104 1 104 2 104 3 105 1 105 2 105
Page 305 and 306:
B 20 1 20 2 20 3 21 1 21 2 21 3 19
Page 307 and 308:
0.169 1.157 1.134 1.467 1.356 0.145
Page 309 and 310:
Plate 4 Layout and ODs B 73 1 73 2
Page 312 and 313:
UNIVERSITY OF BRISTOL LISTERIOSIS I
Page 314 and 315:
PART C : HERD SIZE :--BETWEEN JULY
Page 316 and 317:
(please circle one for each) 3. Wha
Page 318 and 319:
etween which months were your milki
Page 320 and 321:
not stored beneath the slats compos
Page 322 and 323:
STUDY OF LISTERIOSIS IN DAIRY CATTL
Page 324 and 325:
STUDY OF LISTERIOSIS IN DAIRY CATTL
Page 326 and 327:
Now I would like to get some detail
Page 328 and 329:
Root crops : ______________________
Page 330 and 331:
In this section I will be asking qu
Page 332 and 333:
33. Which days of the week bulk tan
Page 334 and 335:
-what was used to treat? -what was
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an epidemiological study of listeriosis in dairy cattle

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