an epidemiological study of listeriosis in dairy cattle

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from killed or inactivated Listeria have been controversial. The experiments carried out by Asahi (1963) and Von Koenig and Finger (1982) revealed that vaccines prepared from killed Listeria organisms did not offer any protection. However Szemeredi and Padanyi (1989) reported a reduction in the incidence of Listeriosis in sheep immunised with chemically killed L. monocytogenes. Use of live Listeria organisms as a vaccine resulted in protection against infection (Asahi 1963, Ivanov and others 1979, Gudding and others 1989, Linde and others 1995). It significantly reduced the incidence of listeriosis in the field trials (Gudding and other 1989, Linde and others 1995). Currently no vaccine is used in the United Kingdom. A vaccine, containing a combination of live 4b and 1/2b strains of L. monocytogenes, is available in some eastern European and Scandinavian countries. In these countries the vaccine is believed to reduce the annual incidence of the disease. However, the results of vaccine trials are not satisfactory in terms of complete protection, the efficacy of the vaccine has not been evaluated and no experimental model is available to test their efficacy (Donachie and Low 1995, Low and Donachie 1997). 1. 12. Listeriosis in People a) Occurrence: The first confirmed report of Listeriosis in people was made in 1929 by Nyfeld (Gray and Killinger 1966). Listeriosis is caused by predominantly L. monocytogenes and only three infections caused by L. ivanovii (2) and L. seeligeri (1) have been reported (McLauchlin 1987). Clinical Listeriosis manifests itself in three forms; encephalitis and abortion predominantly in adults, and septicaemia in neonates and rarely in adults (McLauchlin 1987, Farber and Peterkins 1991, Schuchat and others 1991, Schlech 1991). In addition focal infections such as septic arthritis, peritonitis, liver abscess, endophthalmitis and cutaneous infection, can also occur (Gellin and Broome 1989). Although reports of clinical Listeriosis have grown in number since its 37
first description, it was only 1980s that L. monocytogenes infection achieved prominence as a food borne disease (Farber and Peterkins 1991, McLauchlin 1996). Most cases of clinical listeriosis appears to be sporadic but epidemics have also been reported in recent years. The annual endemic rates have been reported to be between 2 and 15 cases per million (Farber and Peterkins 1991). The current incidence of clinical Listeriosis is about 2-3 cases per million per annum in England and Wales with case fatality rates being between 20 and 40% (McLauchlin 1996). In England and Wales there was a dramatic increase in the number of cases reported in people in the 1980s which coincided with an increase in animal Listeriosis reported by Veterinary Investigation Centre (VIC), in other human disease caused by intestinal pathogens and use of untreated human sewage sludge and animal slurry on agricultural land (McLauchlin 1987). A decline in the number of cases has been observed since 1990. This may be due to improved control measures associated with developments in isolation and typing methods or increasing public awareness. b) Risk factors: Listeriosis in people is believed to be a disease of those whose immune system is suppressed. However, a recent outbreak in the USA has shown that L. monocytogenes could equally be a potential health problem for immuncompetent individuals (Dalton and others 1997). Several predisposing factors have been identified to be associated with the occurrence of clinical Listeriosis. Extremes of age, pregnancy, malignancy, immunsuppression (HIV infection, organ transplantation) are the major risk factors (Lorber 1990, Farber and Peterkins 1991, Rocourt 1996). c) Transmission: The route of transmission of Listeriosis has long been the subject of debate. Direct contact with infected animals has been shown to be one way of transmission for the cutaneous form of Listeriosis. 10 cases have been reported in the UK and 7 cases in the rest of the world (McLauchlin and Low 1994, McLauchlin 1996). Hospital cross infections during the neonatal period have been reported on 29 occasions 38
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AN EPIDEMIOLOGICAL STUDY OF LISTERI
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In the second part of the study a l
Page 5 and 6: I would like to thank to Metin Oztu
Page 7 and 8: DECLARATION I declare that apart fr
Page 9 and 10: 2. 2. Materials and Methods 47 2. 2
Page 11 and 12: 4. 4. Discussion 125 CHAPTER 5 A pi
Page 13 and 14: CHAPTER 1 LIST OF TABLES AND FIGURE
Page 15 and 16: Table 3. 11. The relationship betwe
Page 17 and 18: CHAPTER 5 Table 5. 1. Date of visit
Page 19 and 20: Figure 6. 4. The monthly faecal exc
Page 21 and 22: Listeralla hepatolytica. In the sam
Page 23 and 24: Listeriolysin O (Fernandaz-Garayzab
Page 25 and 26: L. monocytogenes was the only recog
Page 27 and 28: Table 1. 2. Serovar distribution of
Page 29 and 30: Serotyping is based on the identifi
Page 31 and 32: electrophoresis. Different strains
Page 33 and 34: and others (1995) came to the concl
Page 35 and 36: animals suggests that L. monocytoge
Page 37 and 38: Immunity reducing Septicaemia facto
Page 39 and 40: monocytogenes and a prerequisite to
Page 41 and 42: a variable number of cases of encep
Page 43 and 44: The relationship between age and Li
Page 45 and 46: a reservoir from which it spreads t
Page 47 and 48: 1. 8. Clinical signs and pathology
Page 49 and 50: is seldom clinical illness in the d
Page 51 and 52: Bacterial culture is widely used fo
Page 53 and 54: Differential diagnosis: Listerial m
Page 55: Since elimination of L. monocytogen
Page 59 and 60: and meat products have resulted in
Page 61 and 62: infectious dose for the infection i
Page 63 and 64: a longitudinal study involving five
Page 65 and 66: in Britain. In this part of the stu
Page 67 and 68: groups were excluded from analysis.
Page 69 and 70: The proportions of farms with cases
Page 71 and 72: Table 2. 3. The proportion of anima
Page 73 and 74: percentage 50 45 40 35 30 25 20 15
Page 75 and 76: Milking cows (%) Rep. heifers (%) D
Page 77 and 78: Abortion 274 (57.8%) 28 (21.9%) Ner
Page 79 and 80: with others (Kanuk and Berenson 197
Page 81 and 82: occurred in replacement heifers and
Page 83 and 84: CHAPTER 3 The relationship between
Page 85 and 86: (ii) Cases in milking cows: Farms r
Page 87 and 88: To assess the relationship between
Page 89 and 90: ) Duration of housing: If animals w
Page 91 and 92: d) Presence of moles: Farmers were
Page 93 and 94: listeriosis. Maize silage feeding a
Page 95 and 96: found between the duration of feedi
Page 97 and 98: a) Type of housing : Housing animal
Page 99 and 100: Herd sizes n Y N OR P value x Y N O
Page 101 and 102: of disease. Similarly storing feed
Page 103 and 104: a) Type of forages: Feeding maize s
Page 105 and 106: ) Use of bedding: Using straw beddi
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) Source of forages: Home made gras
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1.29-18.22) whereas straw bedding i
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100 2 34 2.33 0.01 X 2 22 3.35 0.01
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a) Dung disposal: Storage of manure
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vaccination against Leptospirosis +
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suppression of the growth of Lister
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1989, Sargison 1993). It is also po
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L. monocytogenes has been isolated
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association (Kirkwood 1988, Thrusfi
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The predictor variables that met ou
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Forage feeding Maize silage Hay Str
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indoor feeding fed ad libitum on th
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cases of Listeriosis in sheep 2.9 1
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and controlling moles in fields wer
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Cases of Listeriosis in beef cattle
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This model was similar to the Model
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Table 4. 9. The multivariate relati
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5) Nervous signs: Cases of Listerio
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feeders, maize silage feeding in ri
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A contradictory finding was made ab
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selective enrichment broth, at refr
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growth of some strains of Listeria
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5. 2. 2. Bacteriology : a) Culture
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culturing negative LSEB (1/10w/v) s
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6) Sugar tests: Listeria are capabl
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uffered saline (PBS), pH 7.2, centr
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Investigation of non-specific bindi
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and 0.94 for L. monocytogenes (17/1
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Detection limit of the method: A si
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Relationship between housing, silag
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5 13 3 3 1 3 1 1 1 6 14 1 4 5 3 1 0
Page 169 and 170:
Table 5. 11. The relationship betwe
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frequency of isolation of L. monocy
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CHAPTER 6 A study of the dynamic of
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There were no sample size calculati
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4 of the farms had their silage ana
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a) Faecal samples: Faecal samples w
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• • • 1 5 9 6. 2. 5. Sample p
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A total of 944 isolates of L. monoc
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UK), 0.5μM DNA primer, 1 unit Supe
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entered and left the herd over the
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Table 6. 7. Monthly frequency of ex
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Table 6. 8. The relationship betwee
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(MA) mean age, (n) number, (R) rang
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frequency of excretion (P
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There was no evidence from this far
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) Environmental samples: Both L. in
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monocytogenes. By April the proport
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A total of 211 milking cows were ex
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100 % 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0
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The number of new cases each month
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monocytogenes was also isolated fro
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Table 6. 18 The isolates, their ori
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Table 6. 19. The distribution of th
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On farm C pattern 1 was detected in
Page 217 and 218:
Figure 6. 8. The repeatability of R
Page 219 and 220:
Figure 6. 10. The distribution of s
Page 221 and 222:
Figure 6. 12a. The RAPD pattern obt
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1988, Husu 1990) and from zero to a
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experimentally been shown that ther
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periods. However, on farms B and E
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A large number of L. monocytogenes
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Figure 6. 13. Animal-environment cy
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Some important farming practices we
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chance finding of L. monocytogenes
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Asahi, O., Hosoda, T. and Akuyama,
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Bourry, A. and Poutrel, B. (1996) B
Page 241 and 242:
Chakraborty, T., Ebel, F., Wehland,
Page 243 and 244:
delGarso, L. and Wallop, W. (1975)
Page 245 and 246:
Eveland, W.C. (1963) Demonstration
Page 247 and 248:
Fraser, J.A. and Sperber, W.H. (198
Page 249 and 250:
Golden, D.A, Beuchat, L.R. and Brac
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humans. In Miller, A.J.,. Smith, J.
Page 253 and 254:
Jones, F.S. and Little, R.B. (1934)
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Listeria innocua by oral inoculatio
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Low, J.C. and Donachie, W.A. (1997)
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McBride, M.E. and Girard, K.F. (196
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Nieman, R.E. and Lorber, B. (1980)
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Peters, M., Pohlenz, J., Jaton, K.,
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Bakteriologie, Mikrobiologie und Hy
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Seeliger, H.P.R. (1981) Apathogenic
Page 269 and 270:
Tilney, L.G. and Portnoy, D.A. (198
Page 271 and 272:
Walker, J.K., Morgan, J.H., McLauch
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APPENDIX 3 PREPARATION OF BACTERIOL
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Cool to 50 0 C Mix Solution A with
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Phosphate buffered saline (PBS; 10x
Page 279 and 280:
APPENDIX 2 THE OVERALL RESULTS OF U
Page 281 and 282:
Grass silage Y N OR (95% CL) p Valu
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storage Y N OR (95% CL) p Value cla
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source home made 38 182 0.6 (0.1-16
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source home made 34 345 0.8 (0.3-2.
Page 289 and 290:
source barley 27 251 0.93(0.6-1.6)
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source potatoes 2 11 1.4 (0.-7.7) 0
Page 293 and 294:
in a covered barn 73 595 0.8 (0.4-1
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sawdust 0 16 0.0 (0.0-2.73) 0.3 str
Page 297 and 298:
APPENDIX 5 THE QUESTIONNAIRE AND TH
Page 299 and 300:
Abbreviations: 1 first blood sampli
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B 113 1 114 1 115 1 116 1 117 1 118
Page 303 and 304:
B 104 1 104 2 104 3 105 1 105 2 105
Page 305 and 306:
B 20 1 20 2 20 3 21 1 21 2 21 3 19
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0.169 1.157 1.134 1.467 1.356 0.145
Page 309 and 310:
Plate 4 Layout and ODs B 73 1 73 2
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UNIVERSITY OF BRISTOL LISTERIOSIS I
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PART C : HERD SIZE :--BETWEEN JULY
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(please circle one for each) 3. Wha
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etween which months were your milki
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not stored beneath the slats compos
Page 322 and 323:
STUDY OF LISTERIOSIS IN DAIRY CATTL
Page 324 and 325:
STUDY OF LISTERIOSIS IN DAIRY CATTL
Page 326 and 327:
Now I would like to get some detail
Page 328 and 329:
Root crops : ______________________
Page 330 and 331:
In this section I will be asking qu
Page 332 and 333:
33. Which days of the week bulk tan
Page 334 and 335:
-what was used to treat? -what was
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an epidemiological study of listeriosis in dairy cattle

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