an epidemiological study of listeriosis in dairy cattle

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CHAPTER 2 The frequency and some characteristics of clinical 2. 1. Introduction listeriosis in dairy cattle in England Listeriosis is an infectious disease caused by micro-organisms of the genus Listeria (Farber and Peterkin 1991, reviewed by Radostits and others 1994). Three distinct patterns of clinical disease are recognised in both animals and people; encephalitis, abortion, septicaemia. (Gray and Killinger 1966). In addition, mastitis (Gitter and others 1980, Boury and others 1995), iritis and keratoconjunctivitis (Kummeneje and Mikkelsen 1975, Morgan 1977, Watson 1989, Bee 1993) have also been associated with Listeriosis in ruminants in recent years. Listeria has attracted considerable attention owing not only to increased reports of clinical disease in animals (Gitter 1989) and people (MacLauchlin and others 1991) but also to its implication as a food-borne pathogen (Schlech, 1991). Although much progress has been made in the isolation, identification and typing of listeria the epidemiology of listeriosis remains poorly understood (Donachie and Low 1995). There has been no study of the prevalence and incidence of listeriosis in dairy cattle 46
in Britain. In this part of the study the frequency of listeriosis and its clinical presentation in dairy cattle in England are presented. 2. 2. Materials and Methods 2. 2. 1. Study Population A random sample of 1500 dairy cattle farmers in England was selected. The sample size was calculated from an expected prevalence of 50% with 95% level of confidence, a desired accuracy of 3% and predicted response rate of 70% (Canon and Roe 1982). This sample represented 5.8% of the total dairy cattle holdings in England (MAFF 1994). 2. 2. 2. Study Design This was a cross sectional study in which a postal questionnaire was used to collect data on the frequency of listeriosis in dairy cattle in England between July 1994 and June 1995. 2. 2. 3. The Questionnaire (Appendix 1) A self administered, eight-page, postal questionnaire was designed to collect data about listeriosis from dairy farmers in England. The questionnaire consisted of 7 parts. Parts one and two were designed to obtain information on the prevalence and incidence of Listeriosis, part three was designed to estimate herd size, replacement rate and number of 47
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AN EPIDEMIOLOGICAL STUDY OF LISTERI
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In the second part of the study a l
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I would like to thank to Metin Oztu
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DECLARATION I declare that apart fr
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2. 2. Materials and Methods 47 2. 2
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4. 4. Discussion 125 CHAPTER 5 A pi
Page 13 and 14: CHAPTER 1 LIST OF TABLES AND FIGURE
Page 15 and 16: Table 3. 11. The relationship betwe
Page 17 and 18: CHAPTER 5 Table 5. 1. Date of visit
Page 19 and 20: Figure 6. 4. The monthly faecal exc
Page 21 and 22: Listeralla hepatolytica. In the sam
Page 23 and 24: Listeriolysin O (Fernandaz-Garayzab
Page 25 and 26: L. monocytogenes was the only recog
Page 27 and 28: Table 1. 2. Serovar distribution of
Page 29 and 30: Serotyping is based on the identifi
Page 31 and 32: electrophoresis. Different strains
Page 33 and 34: and others (1995) came to the concl
Page 35 and 36: animals suggests that L. monocytoge
Page 37 and 38: Immunity reducing Septicaemia facto
Page 39 and 40: monocytogenes and a prerequisite to
Page 41 and 42: a variable number of cases of encep
Page 43 and 44: The relationship between age and Li
Page 45 and 46: a reservoir from which it spreads t
Page 47 and 48: 1. 8. Clinical signs and pathology
Page 49 and 50: is seldom clinical illness in the d
Page 51 and 52: Bacterial culture is widely used fo
Page 53 and 54: Differential diagnosis: Listerial m
Page 55 and 56: Since elimination of L. monocytogen
Page 57 and 58: first description, it was only 1980
Page 59 and 60: and meat products have resulted in
Page 61 and 62: infectious dose for the infection i
Page 63: a longitudinal study involving five
Page 67 and 68: groups were excluded from analysis.
Page 69 and 70: The proportions of farms with cases
Page 71 and 72: Table 2. 3. The proportion of anima
Page 73 and 74: percentage 50 45 40 35 30 25 20 15
Page 75 and 76: Milking cows (%) Rep. heifers (%) D
Page 77 and 78: Abortion 274 (57.8%) 28 (21.9%) Ner
Page 79 and 80: with others (Kanuk and Berenson 197
Page 81 and 82: occurred in replacement heifers and
Page 83 and 84: CHAPTER 3 The relationship between
Page 85 and 86: (ii) Cases in milking cows: Farms r
Page 87 and 88: To assess the relationship between
Page 89 and 90: ) Duration of housing: If animals w
Page 91 and 92: d) Presence of moles: Farmers were
Page 93 and 94: listeriosis. Maize silage feeding a
Page 95 and 96: found between the duration of feedi
Page 97 and 98: a) Type of housing : Housing animal
Page 99 and 100: Herd sizes n Y N OR P value x Y N O
Page 101 and 102: of disease. Similarly storing feed
Page 103 and 104: a) Type of forages: Feeding maize s
Page 105 and 106: ) Use of bedding: Using straw beddi
Page 107 and 108: ) Source of forages: Home made gras
Page 109 and 110: 1.29-18.22) whereas straw bedding i
Page 111 and 112: 100 2 34 2.33 0.01 X 2 22 3.35 0.01
Page 113 and 114: a) Dung disposal: Storage of manure
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vaccination against Leptospirosis +
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suppression of the growth of Lister
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1989, Sargison 1993). It is also po
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L. monocytogenes has been isolated
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association (Kirkwood 1988, Thrusfi
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The predictor variables that met ou
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Forage feeding Maize silage Hay Str
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indoor feeding fed ad libitum on th
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cases of Listeriosis in sheep 2.9 1
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and controlling moles in fields wer
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Cases of Listeriosis in beef cattle
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This model was similar to the Model
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Table 4. 9. The multivariate relati
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5) Nervous signs: Cases of Listerio
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feeders, maize silage feeding in ri
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A contradictory finding was made ab
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selective enrichment broth, at refr
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growth of some strains of Listeria
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5. 2. 2. Bacteriology : a) Culture
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culturing negative LSEB (1/10w/v) s
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6) Sugar tests: Listeria are capabl
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uffered saline (PBS), pH 7.2, centr
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Investigation of non-specific bindi
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and 0.94 for L. monocytogenes (17/1
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Detection limit of the method: A si
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Relationship between housing, silag
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5 13 3 3 1 3 1 1 1 6 14 1 4 5 3 1 0
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Table 5. 11. The relationship betwe
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frequency of isolation of L. monocy
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CHAPTER 6 A study of the dynamic of
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There were no sample size calculati
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4 of the farms had their silage ana
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a) Faecal samples: Faecal samples w
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• • • 1 5 9 6. 2. 5. Sample p
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A total of 944 isolates of L. monoc
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UK), 0.5μM DNA primer, 1 unit Supe
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entered and left the herd over the
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Table 6. 7. Monthly frequency of ex
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Table 6. 8. The relationship betwee
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(MA) mean age, (n) number, (R) rang
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frequency of excretion (P
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There was no evidence from this far
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) Environmental samples: Both L. in
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monocytogenes. By April the proport
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A total of 211 milking cows were ex
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100 % 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0
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The number of new cases each month
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monocytogenes was also isolated fro
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Table 6. 18 The isolates, their ori
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Table 6. 19. The distribution of th
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On farm C pattern 1 was detected in
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Figure 6. 8. The repeatability of R
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Figure 6. 10. The distribution of s
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Figure 6. 12a. The RAPD pattern obt
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1988, Husu 1990) and from zero to a
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experimentally been shown that ther
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periods. However, on farms B and E
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A large number of L. monocytogenes
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Figure 6. 13. Animal-environment cy
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Some important farming practices we
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chance finding of L. monocytogenes
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Asahi, O., Hosoda, T. and Akuyama,
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Bourry, A. and Poutrel, B. (1996) B
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Chakraborty, T., Ebel, F., Wehland,
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delGarso, L. and Wallop, W. (1975)
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Eveland, W.C. (1963) Demonstration
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Fraser, J.A. and Sperber, W.H. (198
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Golden, D.A, Beuchat, L.R. and Brac
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humans. In Miller, A.J.,. Smith, J.
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Jones, F.S. and Little, R.B. (1934)
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Listeria innocua by oral inoculatio
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Low, J.C. and Donachie, W.A. (1997)
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McBride, M.E. and Girard, K.F. (196
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Nieman, R.E. and Lorber, B. (1980)
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Peters, M., Pohlenz, J., Jaton, K.,
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Bakteriologie, Mikrobiologie und Hy
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Seeliger, H.P.R. (1981) Apathogenic
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Tilney, L.G. and Portnoy, D.A. (198
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Walker, J.K., Morgan, J.H., McLauch
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APPENDIX 3 PREPARATION OF BACTERIOL
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Cool to 50 0 C Mix Solution A with
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Phosphate buffered saline (PBS; 10x
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APPENDIX 2 THE OVERALL RESULTS OF U
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Grass silage Y N OR (95% CL) p Valu
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storage Y N OR (95% CL) p Value cla
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source home made 38 182 0.6 (0.1-16
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source home made 34 345 0.8 (0.3-2.
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source barley 27 251 0.93(0.6-1.6)
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source potatoes 2 11 1.4 (0.-7.7) 0
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in a covered barn 73 595 0.8 (0.4-1
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sawdust 0 16 0.0 (0.0-2.73) 0.3 str
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APPENDIX 5 THE QUESTIONNAIRE AND TH
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Abbreviations: 1 first blood sampli
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B 113 1 114 1 115 1 116 1 117 1 118
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B 104 1 104 2 104 3 105 1 105 2 105
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B 20 1 20 2 20 3 21 1 21 2 21 3 19
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0.169 1.157 1.134 1.467 1.356 0.145
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Plate 4 Layout and ODs B 73 1 73 2
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UNIVERSITY OF BRISTOL LISTERIOSIS I
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PART C : HERD SIZE :--BETWEEN JULY
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(please circle one for each) 3. Wha
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etween which months were your milki
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not stored beneath the slats compos
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STUDY OF LISTERIOSIS IN DAIRY CATTL
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STUDY OF LISTERIOSIS IN DAIRY CATTL
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Now I would like to get some detail
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Root crops : ______________________
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In this section I will be asking qu
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33. Which days of the week bulk tan
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-what was used to treat? -what was
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an epidemiological study of listeriosis in dairy cattle

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