an epidemiological study of listeriosis in dairy cattle

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nervous and therefore easier to treat. A similar statement was made for non-nervous clinical signs by Low and Linklater (1985). This is the first study of the frequency of clinical listeriosis in dairy cattle in England. Although L. monocytogenes is widespread in the environment and animals are exposed to it only 12.3% of farms had clinical listeriosis in their animals. This may be due to differences in farm practices. This relationship between the prevalence, incidence of clinical listeriosis and farm related factors is dealt with in the next two chapters. 64
CHAPTER 3 The relationship between farm management practices and clinical listeriosis in dairy cattle in England: univariate 3. 1. Introduction: analysis Infectious disease is the result of a complex set of interactions between the infectious agent, host and environment. The infectious agent is an essential component of disease but it may not be sufficient to trigger disease on its own. Other factors are also needed for disease to develop. Listeriosis is a good example of this disease process. Listeria organisms (mainly L. monocytogenes) are necessary causative agents of disease but the isolation of L. monocytogenes from the brain (Gronstol 1980b) and faeces (Husu 1990) of healthy individuals suggests that other factors are also involved. Some other risk factors have been identified both in epidemic and sporadic cases of human listeriosis; various physiological states of host such as extremes of age and pregnancy (Ciesielski and others, 1988), underlying conditions such as cancer (Niemen and Lorber 1980), immunosuppression, such as HIV infection (Jurado and others 1993), organ transplantation (Lorber 1990) and concurrent infections (Rocourt 1996). However less is known about the risk factors associated with listeriosis in animals. The association between silage feeding and the occurrence of Listeriosis is well documented (Gray 1960a, Wilesmith and Gitter 1986, Fenlon 1988, Sargison 1993) but the exact 65
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AN EPIDEMIOLOGICAL STUDY OF LISTERI
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In the second part of the study a l
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I would like to thank to Metin Oztu
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DECLARATION I declare that apart fr
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2. 2. Materials and Methods 47 2. 2
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4. 4. Discussion 125 CHAPTER 5 A pi
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CHAPTER 1 LIST OF TABLES AND FIGURE
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Table 3. 11. The relationship betwe
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CHAPTER 5 Table 5. 1. Date of visit
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Figure 6. 4. The monthly faecal exc
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Listeralla hepatolytica. In the sam
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Listeriolysin O (Fernandaz-Garayzab
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L. monocytogenes was the only recog
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Table 1. 2. Serovar distribution of
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Serotyping is based on the identifi
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Page 45 and 46: a reservoir from which it spreads t
Page 47 and 48: 1. 8. Clinical signs and pathology
Page 49 and 50: is seldom clinical illness in the d
Page 51 and 52: Bacterial culture is widely used fo
Page 53 and 54: Differential diagnosis: Listerial m
Page 55 and 56: Since elimination of L. monocytogen
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Page 61 and 62: infectious dose for the infection i
Page 63 and 64: a longitudinal study involving five
Page 65 and 66: in Britain. In this part of the stu
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Page 69 and 70: The proportions of farms with cases
Page 71 and 72: Table 2. 3. The proportion of anima
Page 73 and 74: percentage 50 45 40 35 30 25 20 15
Page 75 and 76: Milking cows (%) Rep. heifers (%) D
Page 77 and 78: Abortion 274 (57.8%) 28 (21.9%) Ner
Page 79 and 80: with others (Kanuk and Berenson 197
Page 81: occurred in replacement heifers and
Page 85 and 86: (ii) Cases in milking cows: Farms r
Page 87 and 88: To assess the relationship between
Page 89 and 90: ) Duration of housing: If animals w
Page 91 and 92: d) Presence of moles: Farmers were
Page 93 and 94: listeriosis. Maize silage feeding a
Page 95 and 96: found between the duration of feedi
Page 97 and 98: a) Type of housing : Housing animal
Page 99 and 100: Herd sizes n Y N OR P value x Y N O
Page 101 and 102: of disease. Similarly storing feed
Page 103 and 104: a) Type of forages: Feeding maize s
Page 105 and 106: ) Use of bedding: Using straw beddi
Page 107 and 108: ) Source of forages: Home made gras
Page 109 and 110: 1.29-18.22) whereas straw bedding i
Page 111 and 112: 100 2 34 2.33 0.01 X 2 22 3.35 0.01
Page 113 and 114: a) Dung disposal: Storage of manure
Page 115 and 116: vaccination against Leptospirosis +
Page 117 and 118: suppression of the growth of Lister
Page 119 and 120: 1989, Sargison 1993). It is also po
Page 121 and 122: L. monocytogenes has been isolated
Page 123 and 124: association (Kirkwood 1988, Thrusfi
Page 125 and 126: The predictor variables that met ou
Page 127 and 128: Forage feeding Maize silage Hay Str
Page 129 and 130: indoor feeding fed ad libitum on th
Page 131 and 132: cases of Listeriosis in sheep 2.9 1
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and controlling moles in fields wer
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Cases of Listeriosis in beef cattle
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This model was similar to the Model
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Table 4. 9. The multivariate relati
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5) Nervous signs: Cases of Listerio
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feeders, maize silage feeding in ri
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A contradictory finding was made ab
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selective enrichment broth, at refr
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growth of some strains of Listeria
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5. 2. 2. Bacteriology : a) Culture
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culturing negative LSEB (1/10w/v) s
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6) Sugar tests: Listeria are capabl
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uffered saline (PBS), pH 7.2, centr
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Investigation of non-specific bindi
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and 0.94 for L. monocytogenes (17/1
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Detection limit of the method: A si
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Relationship between housing, silag
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5 13 3 3 1 3 1 1 1 6 14 1 4 5 3 1 0
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Table 5. 11. The relationship betwe
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frequency of isolation of L. monocy
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CHAPTER 6 A study of the dynamic of
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There were no sample size calculati
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4 of the farms had their silage ana
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a) Faecal samples: Faecal samples w
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• • • 1 5 9 6. 2. 5. Sample p
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A total of 944 isolates of L. monoc
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UK), 0.5μM DNA primer, 1 unit Supe
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entered and left the herd over the
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Table 6. 7. Monthly frequency of ex
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Table 6. 8. The relationship betwee
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(MA) mean age, (n) number, (R) rang
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frequency of excretion (P
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There was no evidence from this far
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) Environmental samples: Both L. in
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monocytogenes. By April the proport
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A total of 211 milking cows were ex
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100 % 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0
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The number of new cases each month
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monocytogenes was also isolated fro
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Table 6. 18 The isolates, their ori
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Table 6. 19. The distribution of th
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On farm C pattern 1 was detected in
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Figure 6. 8. The repeatability of R
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Figure 6. 10. The distribution of s
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Figure 6. 12a. The RAPD pattern obt
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1988, Husu 1990) and from zero to a
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experimentally been shown that ther
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periods. However, on farms B and E
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A large number of L. monocytogenes
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Figure 6. 13. Animal-environment cy
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Some important farming practices we
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chance finding of L. monocytogenes
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Asahi, O., Hosoda, T. and Akuyama,
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Bourry, A. and Poutrel, B. (1996) B
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Chakraborty, T., Ebel, F., Wehland,
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delGarso, L. and Wallop, W. (1975)
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Eveland, W.C. (1963) Demonstration
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Fraser, J.A. and Sperber, W.H. (198
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Golden, D.A, Beuchat, L.R. and Brac
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humans. In Miller, A.J.,. Smith, J.
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Jones, F.S. and Little, R.B. (1934)
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Listeria innocua by oral inoculatio
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Low, J.C. and Donachie, W.A. (1997)
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McBride, M.E. and Girard, K.F. (196
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Nieman, R.E. and Lorber, B. (1980)
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Peters, M., Pohlenz, J., Jaton, K.,
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Bakteriologie, Mikrobiologie und Hy
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Seeliger, H.P.R. (1981) Apathogenic
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Tilney, L.G. and Portnoy, D.A. (198
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Walker, J.K., Morgan, J.H., McLauch
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APPENDIX 3 PREPARATION OF BACTERIOL
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Cool to 50 0 C Mix Solution A with
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Phosphate buffered saline (PBS; 10x
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APPENDIX 2 THE OVERALL RESULTS OF U
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Grass silage Y N OR (95% CL) p Valu
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storage Y N OR (95% CL) p Value cla
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source home made 38 182 0.6 (0.1-16
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source home made 34 345 0.8 (0.3-2.
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source barley 27 251 0.93(0.6-1.6)
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source potatoes 2 11 1.4 (0.-7.7) 0
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in a covered barn 73 595 0.8 (0.4-1
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sawdust 0 16 0.0 (0.0-2.73) 0.3 str
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APPENDIX 5 THE QUESTIONNAIRE AND TH
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Abbreviations: 1 first blood sampli
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B 113 1 114 1 115 1 116 1 117 1 118
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B 104 1 104 2 104 3 105 1 105 2 105
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B 20 1 20 2 20 3 21 1 21 2 21 3 19
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0.169 1.157 1.134 1.467 1.356 0.145
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Plate 4 Layout and ODs B 73 1 73 2
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UNIVERSITY OF BRISTOL LISTERIOSIS I
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PART C : HERD SIZE :--BETWEEN JULY
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(please circle one for each) 3. Wha
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etween which months were your milki
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not stored beneath the slats compos
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STUDY OF LISTERIOSIS IN DAIRY CATTL
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STUDY OF LISTERIOSIS IN DAIRY CATTL
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Now I would like to get some detail
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Root crops : ______________________
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In this section I will be asking qu
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33. Which days of the week bulk tan
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-what was used to treat? -what was
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an epidemiological study of listeriosis in dairy cattle

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