an epidemiological study of listeriosis in dairy cattle

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enumeration of L. monocytogenes and other Listeria spp. International Journal of Food Microbiology, 8 (4), 299-316. Vazquez-Boland, J.A., Domingez, L., Rodriguez-Ferri, E.F. and Suarez, G. (1989a) Purification and characterisation of two Listeria ivanovii cytolysin, a sphingomyelinase C and a thiol-activated toxin (Ivonolysin O). Infection and Immunity; 57(12), 3928-3935. Vazquez-Boland, J.A., Dominguez, L, Rodriguez-Ferri, E.F., Fernandez-Garayzabal, J.F. and Suarez, G. (1989b) Preliminary evidence that different domains are involved in cytolytic activity and receptor (cholesterol) binding in Listeriolysin-O, the Listeria monocytogenes thiol-activated toxin. FEMS Microbiology Letters, 65, (1-2), 95-99. Vazquez-Boland, J.A., Dominguez, L., Blanco, M., Rocourt, J., Fernandez-Garayzabal, J.F., Gutierrez, C.B., Tascon, R.I. and Rodriguezferri, E.F. (1992) Epidemiological investigation of a silage-associated epizootic of ovine listeric encephalitis, using a new Listeria selective enumeration medium and phage typing. American Journal of Veterinary Research, 53 (3), 368-371. Vazquez-Boland, J.A., Dominguez, L., Fernandez, J.F., Rodriguezferri, E.F., Briones, V., Blanco, M. and Suarez, G. (1990) Revision of the validity of CAMP tests for Listeria identification - Proposal of an alternative method for the determination of hemolytic-activity by Listeria strains. Acta Microbiologica Hungarica, 37 (2), 201-206. Von Koenig, C.H.W. and Finger, H. (1982) Failure of killed Listeria monocytogenes vaccine to produce protective immunity. Nature, 297 (5863) 233-234. Walker, J.K. and Morgan, J.H. (1993) Ovine ophtalmitis associated with Listeria monocytogenes. The Veterinary Record, 132, 636. 253
Walker, J.K., Morgan, J.H., McLauchlin, J., Grant, K.A. and Shallcross, J.A. (1994) Listeria innocua isolated from a case of ovine meningoencephalitis. Veterinary Microbiology; 42, 245-253. Watkins, J. and Sleath, K.P. (1981) Isolation and enumeration of Listeria monocytogenes from sewage, sewage sludge and river water. Journal of Applied Bacteriology; 50, 1-9. Watson, C.L. (1989) Bovine iritis (letter). The Veterinary Record, 124, 411. Weis J. (1975) Incidence of Listeria monocytogenes on plants and in soil. In Woodbine, M. Proceeding of the 6th International Symposium on the Problems of Listeriosis, Nottingham, Leicester University Press, England. pp 61-65. Weis, J. and Seeliger, H.P.R. (1975) Incidence of Listeria monocytogenes in nature. Applied Microbiology, 30 (1) 29-32. Welchman, D.D., Hooton, J.K. and Low, J.C. (1997) Ocular disease associated with silage feeding and Listeria monocytogenes in fallow deer. The Veterinary Record, 140 (26), 684-685. Welshimer, H.J. (1968) Isolation of Listeria monocytogenes from vegetation. Journal of Bacteriology, 95 (2), 300-303. Welshimer, H.J. (1975) Listeria in nature. In Woodbine, M. Proceeding of the 6th International Symposium on the Problems of Listeriosis, Nottingham, Leicester University Press, England. pp. 59-60. Welshimer, H.J. and Donker-Voet, J. (1971) Listeria monocytogenes in nature. Applied Microbiology, 21 (3), 516-519. Wernars, K., Boerlin, P., Audurier, A., Russell, E.G., Curtis, G.D.W., Herman, L. and Vandermeemarquet, N. (1996) The WHO multicenter study on Listeria monocytogenes subtyping -Random amplification of polymorphic DNA (RAPD). International Journal of Food Microbiology, 32 (3), .325-341. 254
Page 1 and 2:
AN EPIDEMIOLOGICAL STUDY OF LISTERI
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In the second part of the study a l
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I would like to thank to Metin Oztu
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DECLARATION I declare that apart fr
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2. 2. Materials and Methods 47 2. 2
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4. 4. Discussion 125 CHAPTER 5 A pi
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CHAPTER 1 LIST OF TABLES AND FIGURE
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Table 3. 11. The relationship betwe
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CHAPTER 5 Table 5. 1. Date of visit
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Figure 6. 4. The monthly faecal exc
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Listeralla hepatolytica. In the sam
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Listeriolysin O (Fernandaz-Garayzab
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L. monocytogenes was the only recog
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Table 1. 2. Serovar distribution of
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Serotyping is based on the identifi
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electrophoresis. Different strains
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and others (1995) came to the concl
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animals suggests that L. monocytoge
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Immunity reducing Septicaemia facto
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monocytogenes and a prerequisite to
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a variable number of cases of encep
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The relationship between age and Li
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a reservoir from which it spreads t
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1. 8. Clinical signs and pathology
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is seldom clinical illness in the d
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Bacterial culture is widely used fo
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Differential diagnosis: Listerial m
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Since elimination of L. monocytogen
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first description, it was only 1980
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and meat products have resulted in
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infectious dose for the infection i
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a longitudinal study involving five
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in Britain. In this part of the stu
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groups were excluded from analysis.
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The proportions of farms with cases
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Table 2. 3. The proportion of anima
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percentage 50 45 40 35 30 25 20 15
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Milking cows (%) Rep. heifers (%) D
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Abortion 274 (57.8%) 28 (21.9%) Ner
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with others (Kanuk and Berenson 197
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occurred in replacement heifers and
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CHAPTER 3 The relationship between
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(ii) Cases in milking cows: Farms r
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To assess the relationship between
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) Duration of housing: If animals w
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d) Presence of moles: Farmers were
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listeriosis. Maize silage feeding a
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found between the duration of feedi
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a) Type of housing : Housing animal
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Herd sizes n Y N OR P value x Y N O
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of disease. Similarly storing feed
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a) Type of forages: Feeding maize s
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) Use of bedding: Using straw beddi
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) Source of forages: Home made gras
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1.29-18.22) whereas straw bedding i
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100 2 34 2.33 0.01 X 2 22 3.35 0.01
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a) Dung disposal: Storage of manure
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vaccination against Leptospirosis +
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suppression of the growth of Lister
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1989, Sargison 1993). It is also po
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L. monocytogenes has been isolated
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association (Kirkwood 1988, Thrusfi
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The predictor variables that met ou
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Forage feeding Maize silage Hay Str
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indoor feeding fed ad libitum on th
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cases of Listeriosis in sheep 2.9 1
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and controlling moles in fields wer
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Cases of Listeriosis in beef cattle
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This model was similar to the Model
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Table 4. 9. The multivariate relati
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5) Nervous signs: Cases of Listerio
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feeders, maize silage feeding in ri
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A contradictory finding was made ab
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selective enrichment broth, at refr
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growth of some strains of Listeria
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5. 2. 2. Bacteriology : a) Culture
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culturing negative LSEB (1/10w/v) s
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6) Sugar tests: Listeria are capabl
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uffered saline (PBS), pH 7.2, centr
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Investigation of non-specific bindi
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and 0.94 for L. monocytogenes (17/1
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Detection limit of the method: A si
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Relationship between housing, silag
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5 13 3 3 1 3 1 1 1 6 14 1 4 5 3 1 0
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Table 5. 11. The relationship betwe
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frequency of isolation of L. monocy
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CHAPTER 6 A study of the dynamic of
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There were no sample size calculati
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4 of the farms had their silage ana
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a) Faecal samples: Faecal samples w
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• • • 1 5 9 6. 2. 5. Sample p
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A total of 944 isolates of L. monoc
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UK), 0.5μM DNA primer, 1 unit Supe
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entered and left the herd over the
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Table 6. 7. Monthly frequency of ex
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Table 6. 8. The relationship betwee
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(MA) mean age, (n) number, (R) rang
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frequency of excretion (P
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There was no evidence from this far
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) Environmental samples: Both L. in
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monocytogenes. By April the proport
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A total of 211 milking cows were ex
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100 % 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0
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The number of new cases each month
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monocytogenes was also isolated fro
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Table 6. 18 The isolates, their ori
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Table 6. 19. The distribution of th
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On farm C pattern 1 was detected in
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Figure 6. 8. The repeatability of R
Page 219 and 220: Figure 6. 10. The distribution of s
Page 221 and 222: Figure 6. 12a. The RAPD pattern obt
Page 223 and 224: 1988, Husu 1990) and from zero to a
Page 225 and 226: experimentally been shown that ther
Page 227 and 228: periods. However, on farms B and E
Page 229 and 230: A large number of L. monocytogenes
Page 231 and 232: Figure 6. 13. Animal-environment cy
Page 233 and 234: Some important farming practices we
Page 235 and 236: chance finding of L. monocytogenes
Page 237 and 238: Asahi, O., Hosoda, T. and Akuyama,
Page 239 and 240: Bourry, A. and Poutrel, B. (1996) B
Page 241 and 242: Chakraborty, T., Ebel, F., Wehland,
Page 243 and 244: delGarso, L. and Wallop, W. (1975)
Page 245 and 246: Eveland, W.C. (1963) Demonstration
Page 247 and 248: Fraser, J.A. and Sperber, W.H. (198
Page 249 and 250: Golden, D.A, Beuchat, L.R. and Brac
Page 251 and 252: humans. In Miller, A.J.,. Smith, J.
Page 253 and 254: Jones, F.S. and Little, R.B. (1934)
Page 255 and 256: Listeria innocua by oral inoculatio
Page 257 and 258: Low, J.C. and Donachie, W.A. (1997)
Page 259 and 260: McBride, M.E. and Girard, K.F. (196
Page 261 and 262: Nieman, R.E. and Lorber, B. (1980)
Page 263 and 264: Peters, M., Pohlenz, J., Jaton, K.,
Page 265 and 266: Bakteriologie, Mikrobiologie und Hy
Page 267 and 268: Seeliger, H.P.R. (1981) Apathogenic
Page 269: Tilney, L.G. and Portnoy, D.A. (198
Page 273 and 274: APPENDIX 3 PREPARATION OF BACTERIOL
Page 275 and 276: Cool to 50 0 C Mix Solution A with
Page 277 and 278: Phosphate buffered saline (PBS; 10x
Page 279 and 280: APPENDIX 2 THE OVERALL RESULTS OF U
Page 281 and 282: Grass silage Y N OR (95% CL) p Valu
Page 283 and 284: storage Y N OR (95% CL) p Value cla
Page 285 and 286: source home made 38 182 0.6 (0.1-16
Page 287 and 288: source home made 34 345 0.8 (0.3-2.
Page 289 and 290: source barley 27 251 0.93(0.6-1.6)
Page 291 and 292: source potatoes 2 11 1.4 (0.-7.7) 0
Page 293 and 294: in a covered barn 73 595 0.8 (0.4-1
Page 295 and 296: sawdust 0 16 0.0 (0.0-2.73) 0.3 str
Page 297 and 298: APPENDIX 5 THE QUESTIONNAIRE AND TH
Page 299 and 300: Abbreviations: 1 first blood sampli
Page 301 and 302: B 113 1 114 1 115 1 116 1 117 1 118
Page 303 and 304: B 104 1 104 2 104 3 105 1 105 2 105
Page 305 and 306: B 20 1 20 2 20 3 21 1 21 2 21 3 19
Page 307 and 308: 0.169 1.157 1.134 1.467 1.356 0.145
Page 309 and 310: Plate 4 Layout and ODs B 73 1 73 2
Page 312 and 313: UNIVERSITY OF BRISTOL LISTERIOSIS I
Page 314 and 315: PART C : HERD SIZE :--BETWEEN JULY
Page 316 and 317: (please circle one for each) 3. Wha
Page 318 and 319: etween which months were your milki
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not stored beneath the slats compos
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STUDY OF LISTERIOSIS IN DAIRY CATTL
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STUDY OF LISTERIOSIS IN DAIRY CATTL
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Now I would like to get some detail
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Root crops : ______________________
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In this section I will be asking qu
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33. Which days of the week bulk tan
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-what was used to treat? -what was
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