Ambient Air quality Monitoring Guidlines. - Maharashtra Pollution ...

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5. DETERMINATION OF SULPHUR DIOXIDE IN AIR (MODIFIED WEST AND GAEKE METHOD) 1.0 TITLE Method for determination of Sulphur Dioxide in <strong>Air</strong> (Modified West and Gaeke Method). 2.0 PURPOSE The purpose is to lay down an uniform and reliable method for determination of sulphur dioxide (SO2) in ambient air. 3.0 PRINCIPLE Sulphur dioxide from air is absorbed in a solution of potassium tetrachloromercurate (TCM). A dichlorosulphitomercurate complex, which resists oxidation by the oxygen in the air, is formed. Once formed, this complex is stable to strong oxidants such as ozone and oxides of nitrogen and therefore, the absorber solution may be stored for some time prior to analysis. The complex is made to react with pararosaniline and formaldehyde to form the intensely colored pararosaniline methylsulphonic acid. The absorbance of the solution is measured by means of a suitable spectrophotometer. Concentration of sulphur dioxide in the range of 25-1050 µg/m 3 can be measured under the conditions given one can measure concentration below 25 µg/m 3 by sampling larger volumes of air, but only if, the absorber efficiency of the particular system is first determined and found to be satisfactory. Higher concentration can be analyzed by using smaller gas samples of a suitable aliquot of the collected sampler. Beer's law is followed through the working range from 0.03 to 1.0 absorbance unit. This corresponds to 0.8-27 µg of sulfite ion in 25 ml of final solution calculated as sulphur dioxide. The lower limit of detection of sulphur dioxide in 10 ml absorbing reagent is 0.75 µg based on twice the standard deviation, which represent a concentration of 25 µg/m 3 in an air sample of 30 litres. 4.0 SCOPE This method is applicable for the measurement of concentration of sulphur dioxide present in ambient air. 5.0 INTERFERENCES The effects of the principal known interferences have been minimized or eliminated. Interferences by oxides of nitrogen are eliminated by sulphamic acid. Ozone is made to decompose by allowing the solution to stand for some time 89
prior to analysis. The interference of trace metals may be eliminated by the addition of ethylenediamine tetra acetic acid (EDTA) to the absorbing solution prior to sampling. At least 60 µg iron (III), 10 µg manganese (II), and 10 µg chromium (III) in 10 ml absorbing reagent can be tolerated in the procedure. No significant interference was found from 10 µg copper (II) and 22 µg vanadium (V). Ammonium, sulphide, and aldehydes do not interfere. 6.0 APPARATUS 6.1 Sampling 6.1.1 Absorber - An all-glass midget impinger, as shown in Figure-1, is recommended for 30 minutes, 1 hour and 4 hours samples. For 24 hours sampling, assemble an absorber from the following parts. 6.1.3 Polypropylene Two-Port Tube Closures 6.1.3 Glass Impingers - Tubing, 6 mm OD and 15 cm long. One end is drawn to small diameter so that a No.79 jeweller's drill bit will pass through, but a No.78 jeweller's bit will not. The other end is fire polished. 6.1.4 Polypropylene Tubes - Tubes 164 by 32 mm, 'Nalgene' or equivalent. 6.1.5 Pump - Capable of maintaining an air pressure differential greater than 0.7 atm at the desired flow rate. 6.1.6 <strong>Air</strong> Flowmeter or Critical Orifice - A calibrated rotameter or critical orifice capable of measuring air flow within 2%. For 30 minutes sampling, a 22 gauge hypodermic needle 2.5 cm long may be used as a critical orifice to give a flow of about 1 litre/minute. For 1 hour sampling, a 23 gauge hypodermic needle 1.6 cm long may be used to give a flow of about 0.2 litre/minute. Use a membrane filter to protect the orifice (Figure 2). 6.2 Analysis A spectrophotometer suitable for measurement of absorbance at 560 nm with an effective spectral band width of less than 15 nm is required. Reagent blank problems may occur with spectrophotometer having greater spectral band widths. 90
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1.0 INTRODUCTION Air pollutants are
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The Central Pollution Control Board
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S.No. Problem Area Type of Industry
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(viii) High population exodus to th
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a) Seasonal Variation in Carbon Mon
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Concentration (µg/m 3 ) 2.2.3 Long
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3.2 National Air Monitoring Program
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Number of Monitoring Stations 40 35
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4.0 GUIDELINES FOR MONITORING For s
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The variability of pollutant concen
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areas, traffic intersections etc. O
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Station Type Description Type C Res
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available then monitoring of specif
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manpower and needs to be calibrated
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averaging should be done and plotte
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necessary to readjust the position
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5.0 QUALITY ASSURANCE AND QUALITY C
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(a) Inter Laboratory Proficiency Te
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2. Infrastructure for conducting In
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ZERO GAS VALVE PRESSURE REGULATOR (
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is to assess its ability to perform
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The mixing ratio of O3 (ppb) must n
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(vi) Lack of Dedicated Manpower If
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Site staff must be trained so that
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NATIONAL AMBIENT AIR QUALITY MONITO
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Delhi - 110 032 e-mail : cpcb@alpha
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FOREWORD Under the Air (Prevention
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Table No. References 161 LIST OF TA
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3.0 INTRODUCTION Air pollutants are
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The Central Pollution Control Board
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S.No. Problem Area Type of Industry
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(viii) High population exodus to th
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Monthly average of CO measured at B
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Concentration (µg/m 3 ) 2.2.3 Long
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3.2 National Air Monitoring Program
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Number of Monitoring Stations 40 35
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4.0 GUIDELINES FOR MONITORING For s
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The data requirements, which are re
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their levels and determine trends.
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Station Type Description traffic vo
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Criteria for SO2 Measurements Sourc
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calibration parameters change. Meas
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The following must be followed for
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changed in inclement weather. Set t
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5.0 QUALITY ASSURANCE AND QUALITY C
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(a) Inter Laboratory Proficiency Te
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The primary requirement for conduct
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ZERO GAS VALVE PRESSURE REGULATOR (
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is to assess its ability to perform
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The mixing ratio of O3 (ppb) must n
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(xiii) Lack of Dedicated Manpower I
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laboratory staff must be trained so
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1. AIR SAMPLING - GASEOUS 1.0 TITLE
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52 Fig. 1 Sampling Train
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54 Fig. 4 Critical Orifice Device
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the pollutant and accordingly selec
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contracts with change in humidity.
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and temperature has been set down i
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The impulse frequency emitted is pr
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CIRCUIT DIAGRAM - 1 64
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FIG. 1 (a) CIRCUIT DIAGRAM 66
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3. DETERMINATION OF SUSPENDED PARTI
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measurement precision dominates at
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6.4.4 Equilibration Rack - This rac
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Receive Filters, inspect (light tab
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of the face-plate. Look underneath
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Atmosphere". Federal Register, 52 F
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5.0 INTERFERENCES 5.1 Passive Depos
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6.4.4 Numbering Machine - Though fi
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chain-of-the custody log-book and o
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5. DETERMINATION OF SULPHUR DIOXIDE
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88 FIG. 1.0 SO2 SAMPLING TRAIN
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The wavelength calibration of the i
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(ii) The absorbance of the reagent
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pipe cleaner after use. If, the tem
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(A - Ao) (10 3 ) (B) C = ----------
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Then the air sample flows into a re
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integral part of the apparatus, or
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6.4 Pressure Regulator The output s
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FIG. 2 SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM OF A CALIB
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7. CONTINUOUS MEASUREMENT OF CARBON
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6.0 APPARATUS 6.1 NDIR Analyser - f
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BLOWER SAMPLE INLET PORT FOUR WAY V
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Maintain the same sample cell flow
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14.0 CALIBRATION PROCEDURE 14.1 Ana
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connected to the output manifold, t
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FIG. 3 MULTIPLE CYLINDER CALIBRATIO
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(Nondispersive Infrared Spectrometr
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5.0 INTERFERENCES 5.1 Nitric oxide
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7.1.6 Air Pump - Capable of maintai
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9.1.3.2 Solution B - Pipet 25 ml of
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9.4.7 A randomly selected 5-10% of
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9. CONTINUOUS MEASUREMENT OF OXIDES
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8.0 APPARATUS 8.1 Chemiluminescene
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SAMPLE INLET PUMP AIR DRYER OZONE G
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FIG. 3 CALIBRATION SYSTEM COMPONENT
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10.3.1 Flow Conditions - Insure tha
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ates constant. For each calibration
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10. DETERMINATION OF OZONE IN THE A
Page 200 and 201: 7.0 APPARATUS 7.1 Sampling Probe -
Page 202 and 203: 9.4 Blank Correction - Measure the
Page 204 and 205: 11. CONTINUOUS MEASUREMENT OF OZONE
Page 206 and 207: FIG. 1 SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM OF A TYPIC
Page 208 and 209: 8.2 Air Inlet Filter - A Teflon fil
Page 210 and 211: 9.0 REAGENTS 9.1 Purity - All reage
Page 212 and 213: Where : Ozone Conc.CTA = the ozone
Page 214 and 215: 1. AIR SAMPLING - GASEOUS 1.0 TITLE
Page 216 and 217: 55 Fig. 1 Sampling Train
Page 218 and 219: 57 Fig. 4 Critical Orifice Device
Page 220 and 221: the pollutant and accordingly selec
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Page 224 and 225: 3.1.3 Wind Speed Temperature measur
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Page 228 and 229: CIRCUIT DIAGRAM - 1 67
Page 230 and 231: FIG. 1 (a) CIRCUIT DIAGRAM 69
Page 232 and 233: 3. DETERMINATION OF SUSPENDED PARTI
Page 234 and 235: measurement precision dominates at
Page 236 and 237: 6.4.4 Equilibration Rack - This rac
Page 238 and 239: Receive Filters, inspect (light tab
Page 240 and 241: of the face-plate. Look underneath
Page 242 and 243: Atmosphere". Federal Register, 52 F
Page 244 and 245: 5.0 INTERFERENCES 5.1 Passive Depos
Page 246 and 247: 6.4.4 Numbering Machine - Though fi
Page 248 and 249: chain-of-the custody log-book and o
Page 252 and 253: 91 FIG. 1.0 SO2 SAMPLING TRAIN
Page 254 and 255: The wavelength calibration of the i
Page 256 and 257: (ii) The absorbance of the reagent
Page 258 and 259: pipe cleaner after use. If, the tem
Page 260 and 261: (A - Ao) (10 3 ) (B) C = ----------
Page 262 and 263: Then the air sample flows into a re
Page 264 and 265: integral part of the apparatus, or
Page 266 and 267: 6.4 Pressure Regulator The output s
Page 268 and 269: FIG. 2 SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM OF A CALIB
Page 270 and 271: 7. CONTINUOUS MEASUREMENT OF CARBON
Page 272 and 273: 6.0 APPARATUS 6.2 NDIR Analyser - f
Page 274 and 275: BLOWER SAMPLE INLET PORT FOUR WAY V
Page 276 and 277: Maintain the same sample cell flow
Page 278 and 279: 14.0 CALIBRATION PROCEDURE 14.1 Ana
Page 280 and 281: connected to the output manifold, t
Page 282 and 283: FIG. 3 MULTIPLE CYLINDER CALIBRATIO
Page 284 and 285: (Nondispersive Infrared Spectrometr
Page 286 and 287: 5.0 INTERFERENCES 5.1 Nitric oxide
Page 288 and 289: 7.1.6 Air Pump - Capable of maintai
Page 290 and 291: 9.1.3.2 Solution B - Pipet 25 ml of
Page 292 and 293: 9.4.7 A randomly selected 5-10% of
Page 294 and 295: 9. CONTINUOUS MEASUREMENT OF OXIDES
Page 296 and 297: 9.0 APPARATUS 8.1 Chemiluminescene
Page 298 and 299: SAMPLE INLET PUMP AIR DRYER OZONE G
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FIG. 3 CALIBRATION SYSTEM COMPONENT
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10.6.1 Flow Conditions - Insure tha
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ates constant. For each calibration
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10. DETERMINATION OF OZONE IN THE A
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7.0 APPARATUS 7.1 Sampling Probe -
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9.4 Blank Correction - Measure the
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11. CONTINUOUS MEASUREMENT OF OZONE
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FIG. 1 SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM OF A TYPIC
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8.2 Air Inlet Filter - A Teflon fil
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9.0 REAGENTS 9.3 Purity - All reage
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Where : Ozone Conc.CTA = the ozone
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