Technology Status Report: In Situ Flushing - CLU-IN

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4.0 SUMMARY / ISSUES IDENTIFIED / RESEARCH FOCUS As noted in the previous sections of this report, the majority of pilot-scale demonstrations of in situ flushing to date known to GWRTAC have involved the use of surfactants and cosolvents. In the U.S., where fullscale site remedies have utilized in situ flushing, plain water has typically been used as the flushing solution. Halogenated VOCs are the most frequently targeted contaminant based on projects of all scales. Some sources of information to GWRTAC have indicated a reluctance of regulatory personnel to the use of injectants for site remediation due to toxicity concerns. Research efforts underway at some institutions are focusing on the development of low toxicity, biodegradable, or U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved food additive flushing reagents, to address this concern. In addition to toxicity concerns relative to injectants, persons responsible for implementing or regulating in situ flushing projects are concerned with containment, since the alteration of hydraulic and chemical properties, if uncontrolled, could exacerbate the contamination problem at a site. These two are the most likely technical reasons for the small number of full-scale projects using surfactants, and why many of the enforcement sites flush within physically contained subsurface zones, such as sites first bound by slurry walls. Economically, recycling and reuse of surfactants or other flushing additives is also of concern, especially to site owners or PRPs. At one site in Pennsylvania, although in situ flushing was identified as accelerating PCB removal from groundwater via a spring outfall from fractured sandstone, in situ flushing was discontinued after pilot testing largely due to the lack of focus on how to economically treat the elutriate. Some research projects are specifically addressing recycling and reuse, as well as modeling of the flushing process. At least one regulatory agency personnel expressed concern that commercially available models often failed to compensate for the narrow features of slurry walls and infiltration trenches, and it often can not be proven that all the water being infiltrated can indeed be captured. Ground-Water Remediation Technologies Analysis Center © GWRTAC Operated by Concurrent Technologies Corporation Page 8 Revision 1 11/17/98
Table 1. In Situ Flushing - Summary of Case Studies in the GWRTAC Database (Details for Each Project Included in Appendix) Total Number of Case Studies = 84 Primary Primary Primary Primary GWRTAC Project State/ PRP/Site Funding Regulatory Technical Scale of Status of ID Name City Prvnce Owner Source/Sponsor Agency Team Member Project Contaminants Target Media Flushing Solution Project FLSH0066 Aluminum Company Site QC Not Specified Not Specified Not Specified GSI Environnement Full-Scale/Commercial Transformer oil, PCBs, MOG Soil, NAPL Surfactants Completed FLSH0002 Bog Creek Farm, Howell Township, NJ FLSH0039 Camp Lejeune Marine Corps Base FLSH0003 Canadian AFB Borden, Alliston, Ontario, Canada Howell Township NJ NA U.S. EPA U.S. EPA U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Camp Lejeune NC U.S. Marine Corps NAVFAC ESTCP NC DEHNR Duke Engineering & Services (formerly INTERA) Alliston ON Canadian Air Force NY Center for Haz Waste Mgmt FLSH0047 Cape Canaveral Lodge Complex Cape Canaveral FL NASA U.S. DOE/ORNL State of Florida - 34 RCRA FLSH0004 Chem-Dyne, Hamilton, OH Hamilton OH Chem-Dyne Chem-Dyne U.S EPA Conestoga Rovers Association FLSH0077 Coast Guard Facility, Elizabeth City, NC Elizabeth City NC U.S. Coast Guard U.S. EPA ORD Not Specified Surbec Environmental Services Full-Scale/Commercial VOCs (toluene, benzene) Groundwater Treated Site Groundwater In Progress Pilot/Field Demonstration PCE (DNAPL) and Varsol R (LNAPL), the former dry cleaning solvent Not Specified SUNY - Buffalo Pilot/Field Demonstration Tetrachloroethylene (also known as perchloroethylene or PCE), DNAPL Soil, Groundwater, NAPL Groundwater, DNAPL U.S. EPA ORD Pilot/Field Demonstration TCE Soil, Groundwater, DNAPL Full-Scale/Commercial Arsenic, benzo(a)pyrene, chlordane, dieldrin, hexachlorobenzene, PCBs, priority pollutant acid compounds, VOCs Surfactant Scheduled Surfactant (blend of 1% nonylphenol Completed ethoxylate and 1% phosphate ester of nonylphenol ethoxylate) Surfactants or Cosolvents In Design Groundwater Treated Site Groundwater Completed Laboratory/Bench Scale Chromium, Chlorinated Solvents Soil, Groundwater Surfactants Completed FLSH0020 Confidential FL Confidential Confidential Not Specified Confidential Full-Scale/Commercial Arsenic Soil, Groundwater Proprietary Compound In Progress FLSH0005 Cornell University - Surfactant Enhance Biodegradation FLSH0006 Corpus Christi Dupont, Corpus Christi, TX FLSH0007 Cross Brothers Pail, Pembroke, IL FLSH0062 Dover AFB, Dover, DE (Cosolvent Mobilization) Ithaca NY NA (Lab study) Not Specified NA (Lab study) Cornell University Laboratory/Bench Scale Phenanthrene and biphenyl Soil Non-Ionic Surfactant Completed Corpus Christi TX Dupont Dupont Not Specified SUNY - Buffalo Pilot/Field Demonstration DNAPL (Carbon Tetrachloride - CTET) Soil, Groundwater, Biodegradable Surfactants Approved (1.58 g/cm3 centipoise) DNAPL for use in Food Preparation (initially Witconol 2722 (Witco Corp.) then Tergitol 15-S012 (Union Carbide Corp.)) Pembroke IL Sherwin Williams Paint Company Completed Sherwin Williams Paint U.S. EPA Sherwin Williams Full-Scale/Commercial VOCs (BTEX, PCE, TCE), and their Soil, Groundwater Treated Site Groundwater In Progress Company breakdown products. (PCBs in soil previously excavated). As of 1998, influent (extracted groundwater contains only BTEX. Dover DE U.S. Air Force SERDP U.S. EPA Mantech Environmental Clemson University FLSH0063 Dover AFB, Dover, DE Dover DE U.S. Air Force SERDP U.S. EPA Mantech Environmental (Macromolecular Solubilization) University of Arizona FLSH0064 Dover AFB, Dover, DE (Singlephase Microemulsion) Dover DE U.S. Air Force SERDP U.S. EPA Mantech Environmental University of Florida FLSH0061 Dover AFB, Dover, DE (Test Cell Dover DE U.S. Air Force SERDP U.S. EPA Mantech Environmental 2, Surfactant Solubilization) University of Oklahoma FLSH0009 Dover AFB, Dover, DE (Test Cell Dover DE U.S. Air Force SERDP U.S. EPA Mantech Environmental 3, Cosolvent Solubilization) University of Florida FLSH0010 Eckenfelder, Inc. - Surfactant Recycling FLSH0073 Envirogen - Effects of Emulsion Viscosity FLSH0072 Envirogen - Surfactant Foam/Bioaugmentation FLSH0011 Estrie Region Machine Shop, Quebec, CA FLSH0021 Former Dry Cleaning Faciliy, Jacksonville, FL FLSH0059 Fredricksburg, VA Wood Treating Site Ground-Water Remediation Technologies Analysis Center Operated by CTC (800) 373-1973 Pilot/Field Demonstration DNAPL (PCE, or perchloroethylene) Soil, Groundwater, DNAPL Pilot/Field Demonstration DNAPL (PCE, or perchloroethylene) Soil, Groundwater, DNAPL Pilot/Field Demonstration DNAPL (PCE, or perchloroethylene) Soil, Groundwater, DNAPL Pilot/Field Demonstration DNAPL (PCE, or perchloroethylene) Soil, Groundwater, DNAPL Pilot/Field Demonstration DNAPL (PCE, or perchloroethylene) Soil, Groundwater, DNAPL Cosolvent (tert-butyl alcohol) Scheduled Complexing Sugar Scheduled Cosolvent and Surfactant Scheduled Surfactant Scheduled Cosolvent (ethanol) Scheduled Nashville TN NA (Lab Study) Not Specified NA (Lab Study) Eckenfelder, Inc. Pilot/Field Demonstration PCBs Soil Biodegradable, Nontoxic Anionic Surfactant (sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS)) Lawrenceville NJ NA (Lab Study) Not Specified NA (Lab Study) Envirogen, Inc. Laboratory/Bench Scale m-xylene Soil Surfactant foam (Witconol registered SN90) Lawrenceville NJ NA (Lab Study) Not Specified NA (Lab Study) Envirogen, Inc. Laboratory/Bench Scale TCE, DNAPL Soil Surfactant foam (CS-330) Completed Quebec City QC Not Specified Not Specified Not Specified GSI Environnement Full-Scale/Commercial Hydrocarbons, LNAPLs, "Mineral Cutting oil" Jacksonville FL Not Specified U.S. EPA TIO Florida DEP Lavine Fricke Recon Pilot/Field Demonstration PCE (DNAPL) Soil, Groundwater, NAPL Fredricksburg VA Owner of industrial site Owner of industrial site Not Specified CH2M Hill Pilot/Field Demonstration Creosote-based wood treating oil (DNAPL) Page 9 Completed Completed Soil, NAPL Biodegradable, Nontoxic Surfactant Completed Cosolvent (90% ethanol and 5% water) In Progress Soil, DNAPL Alkaline Agent, Surfactant, and Polymer Completed (0.5 wt% Na2 CO3 plus 0.1 wt% Makon- 10 (nonyl phenol with 10 moles ethylene oxide) and 1,500 mg/L xanthan gum) GWRTAC 1998 As of 11/17/98
Page 1 and 2: Technology Status Report Technology
Page 3 and 4: ABSTRACT This technology status rep
Page 5 and 6: LIST OF TABLES Table Title Page 1 I
Page 7 and 8: 1.0 INTRODUCTION / PURPOSE OF STATU
Page 9 and 10: a laboratory-scale project. As illu
Page 11 and 12: 3.1 Flushing Solutions 3.0 ANALYSIS
Page 13: (approximately eight) full-scale pr
Page 17 and 18: Table 1. In Situ Flushing - Summary
Page 19 and 20: Table 1. In Situ Flushing - Summary
Page 21 and 22: Table 3 In Situ Flushing - Geology
Page 27 and 28: Table 4 In Situ Flushing - Recovere
Page 33 and 34: Full-Scale/Commercial 26% Figure 2.
Page 35 and 36: Site Remediation 25% Figure 4. In S
Page 37 and 38: NAPL Removal 34% Figure 6. In Situ
Page 39 and 40: Figure 8. In Situ Flushing - Distri
Page 41 and 42: Number of Projects 35 30 25 20 15 1
Page 43 and 44: Number of Case Studies 45 40 35 30
Page 45 and 46: 25 ft and 50 ft and 10 ft and 100 f
Page 47 and 48: Unconfined Aquifer 65% Figure 16. I
Page 49 and 50: In Situ Flushing Project Summaries
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In Situ Flushing Project Summaries
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Technology Status Report: In Situ Flushing - CLU-IN

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