Technology Status Report: In Situ Flushing - CLU-IN

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In Situ Flushing Project Summaries GWRTAC Case Study Database allowed evaluation of DNAPL recovery rates over a wide range of groundwater flow rates, from zero to greater than eight gallons per minute. From top to bottom, the site is underlain by 4 to 21 feet of fill, 0 to 8 feet of "meadow mat" (a peat unit containing some silt and clay), 0 to 45 feet of organic clay and silt containing varying amounts of find sand, plant material and shell fragments, 0 to 20 feet of sand and sandy silt, 0 to 60 feet of clay, 0 to 40 feet of till, and bedrock at a depth of 50 to 90 feet. The site is located along the tidally influence Hackensack River in northeast New Jersey. The river bounds the 160-acre site on its northern and eastern edges. The site is part of the 100-year floodplain and is generally flat, although there are a number of mounds that rise three to seven feet above grade. A pilot Interim Remedial Measures (IRM) system was designed to mitgate the DNAPL seeps that occur in the coal tar plant area along the northern border of the river. These seeps occur at an elevation of about two to four feet below sea level, which is the topmost elevation of the DNAPL confining layer, which crops out in the river. The vertical migration of DNAPL is impeded by the meadow mat and by the organic clay and silt unit. DNAPL that can not flow vertically is driven horizontally toward the river by gravity and potentiometric gradients. In the coal tar plant area along the northern dike walls bordering the river, the fill unit is eight to 12 feet thick, and the meadow mat is about four feet thick. DNAPL measurements in temporary piezometers and monitoring wells range up to six feet in thickness. The water table is about two to four feet below the ground surface. Groundwater in the fill unit flows toward the river with a gradient of 0.002 ft/ft to 0.006 ft/ft. Slug tests conducted in the fill unit indicate a hydraulic conductivity of the fill unit ranges between 7.5 x 10-4 cm/sec and 1.8 x 10-2 cm/sec. During the first three months of operation, over 11,000 gallons of DNAPL with less than 3% moisture were collected. The study demonstrated that recovery wells were more effective in recovering DNAPL with limited groundwater extraction than recovery trenches at the site. It was also concluded that groundwater distribution upgradient of the recovery points did not significantly affect recovery rates. Groundwater extraction was shown to be effective in increasing DNAPL recovery rates due to the ability to produce large hydraulic gradients in the immediate vicinity of the DNAPL recovery system. However, the percentage of DNAPL recovered decreased significantly with increased groundwater extraction. As of July 1998, because other remedial measures will be taken, the IRM is expected to continue in operation for approximately two more years, then will be discontinued. Report(s)/Publication(s) (Additional Information Sources): Internet URL http://www.epa.gov/superfund/index.htm Sawchuck, P.E., et al. "DNAPL Recovery at a Former Coke and By-Products Facility in New Jersey" Ground-Water Remediation Technologies Analysis Center Operated by Concurrent Technologies Corporation Appendix - Page 2 of 164 Copyright GWRTAC 1998 Revision 1 Tuesday, November 17, 1998
In Situ Flushing Project Summaries GWRTAC Case Study Database GWRTAC ID: FLSH0002 Project Name: Bog Creek Farm, Howell Township, NJ City: Howell Township State/Province: NJ Primary GWRTAC Personal Communication Source (Name/Organization): Project Summary: Ed Finity U.S. EPA Report(s)/Publication(s) (GWRTAC Source): Internet URL http://www.epa.gov/superfund/index.htm U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 1991: Engineering Bulletin In Situ Soil Flushing, EPA/540/2-91/021, U.S. EPA Office of Emergency and Remedial Response (OERR), Washington, DC 20460, Office of Research and Development (ORD), Cincinnati, Ohio 45268, 8 pp., October 1991. The following notes were recorded from April 1997 and July 1998 conversations with the EPA RPM: Aproximately 30 extraction wells spaced every 25 feet along a brook extract a total of 30 gpm of groundwater from water table aquifer, prior to groundwater discharge into brook. The extraction wells are approximately 15 feet deep and are terminated small distance into lower, uncontaminated aquifer underlying the water table aquifer of concern. Water is treated aboveground, and reinjected at 30 gpm rate. Water is re-injected upgradient of contaminated zone via a trench that is approximately 200 to 250 feet long. The flushing project is being conducted within a slurry wall barrier, which is keyed into a confining clay layer less than 25 feet deep. RPM indicates a ten year operation was estimated; project is now in third year of operation. (Since this is a fund-lead site, EPA will operate the site for ten years, after which time, it will be turned over to the state of New Jersey.) Results have been variable, though a general trend of decreasing concentrations of toluene and benzene in groundwater is noted; a five year review will be performed which will review results of the project after five years of operation. In the coming year, U.S. EPA and the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers will begin to attempt to modulate the use of the extraction wells; they may only pump the most contaminated wells for example, or otherwise modify operation to increase efficiency. Report(s)/Publication(s) (Additional Information Sources): Internet URL http://www.epa.gov/superfund/index.htm U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 1991: Engineering Bulletin In Situ Soil Flushing, EPA/540/2-91/021, U.S. EPA Office of Emergency and Remedial Response (OERR), Washington, DC 20460, Office of Research and Development (ORD), Cincinnati, Ohio 45268, 8 pp., October 1991. Ground-Water Remediation Technologies Analysis Center Operated by Concurrent Technologies Corporation Appendix - Page 3 of 164 Copyright GWRTAC 1998 Revision 1 Tuesday, November 17, 1998
Page 1 and 2: Technology Status Report Technology
Page 3 and 4: ABSTRACT This technology status rep
Page 5 and 6: LIST OF TABLES Table Title Page 1 I
Page 7 and 8: 1.0 INTRODUCTION / PURPOSE OF STATU
Page 9 and 10: a laboratory-scale project. As illu
Page 11 and 12: 3.1 Flushing Solutions 3.0 ANALYSIS
Page 13 and 14: (approximately eight) full-scale pr
Page 15 and 16: Table 1. In Situ Flushing - Summary
Page 21 and 22: Table 3 In Situ Flushing - Geology
Page 27 and 28: Table 4 In Situ Flushing - Recovere
Page 33 and 34: Full-Scale/Commercial 26% Figure 2.
Page 35 and 36: Site Remediation 25% Figure 4. In S
Page 37 and 38: NAPL Removal 34% Figure 6. In Situ
Page 39 and 40: Figure 8. In Situ Flushing - Distri
Page 41 and 42: Number of Projects 35 30 25 20 15 1
Page 43 and 44: Number of Case Studies 45 40 35 30
Page 45 and 46: 25 ft and 50 ft and 10 ft and 100 f
Page 47 and 48: Unconfined Aquifer 65% Figure 16. I
Page 49: In Situ Flushing Project Summaries
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In Situ Flushing Project Summaries
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Technology Status Report: In Situ Flushing - CLU-IN

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