Schirmer Encyclopedia of Film

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MERCHANDISING Janet Wasko MEXICO Joanne Hershfield MGM (METRO-GOLDWYN-MAYER) Thomas Schatz MISE-EN-SCÈNE Robert Kolker MUSIC Kathryn Kalinak MUSICALS Barry Keith Grant NARRATIVE Richard Neupert NATIONAL CINEMA Christopher E. Gittings NATIVE AMERICANS AND CINEMA Beverly R. Singer NATURE FILMS Cynthia Chris NEOREALISM Peter Bondanella NETHERLANDS Ivo Blom and Paul van Yperen NEW WAVE Jim Hillier NEW ZEALAND Ian Conrich PARAMOUNT Thomas Schatz PARODY Victoria Sturtevant PHILIPPINES John A. Lent POLAND Janina Falkowska and Graham Petrie POPULISM Leland Poague PORNOGRAPHY Nina K. Martin POSTMODERNISM Mattias Frey PRE-CINEMA Kristen Whissel PRIZES AND AWARDS Janet Wasko PRODUCER Matthew H. Bernstein PRODUCTION DESIGN Charles Tashiro PRODUCTION PROCESS Deborah Allison and Joseph Lampel PROPAGANDA Frank P. Tomasulo PSYCHOANALYSIS Todd McGowan PUBLICITY AND PROMOTION Moya Luckett QUEER THEORY Michael DeAngelis RACE AND ETHNICITY Joanna Hearne RADIO Michele Hilmes REALISM Phil Watts RECEPTION THEORY Kristen Anderson Wagner RELIGION Paul Coates RKO RADIO PICTURES Thomas Schatz ROAD MOVIES David Laderman VOLUME 4 ROMANTIC COMEDY David R. Shumway RUSSIA AND SOVIET UNION Vance Kepley, Jr. SCIENCE FICTION Heather Hendershot SCREENWRITING Andrew Horton SCREWBALL COMEDY Wes D. Gehring SEMIOTICS John Mercer SEQUELS, SERIES, AND REMAKES Steve Neale SEXUALITY Sean Griffin SHOTS Stephen Prince SILENT CINEMA Charlie Keil SLAPSTICK COMEDY Tamar Jeffers McDonald SOUND Stephen Handzo and Elisabeth Weis SPAIN Marvin D’Lugo SPECIAL EFFECTS Sean Cubitt SPECTATORSHIP AND AUDIENCES Michele Schreiber SPORTS FILMS Aaron Baker SPY FILMS Thomas Leitch STAR SYSTEM Paul McDonald STARS Paul McDonald STRUCTURALISM AND POSTSTRUCTURALISM Mattias Frey STUDIO SYSTEM Thomas Schatz SUPPORTING ACTORS Kristen Anderson Wagner SURREALISM Erin Foster SWEDEN Rochelle Wright TECHNOLOGY Drew Todd TEEN FILMS Timothy Shary TELEVISION Christopher Anderson THEATER John C. Tibbetts THEATERS Gregory A. Waller THIRD CINEMA Catherine L. Benamou THRILLERS Martin Rubin TURKEY Dilek Kaya Mutlu TWENTIETH CENTURY FOX Thomas Schatz UFA (UNIVERSUM FILM AKTIENGESELLSCHAFT) Jan-Christopher Horak UNITED ARTISTS Tino Balio LIST OF ARTICLES SCHIRMER ENCYCLOPEDIA OF FILM XIII
LIST OF ARTICLES UNIVERSAL Thomas Schatz VIDEO Catherine Russell VIDEO GAMES Ge<strong>of</strong>f King and Tanya Krzywinska VIETNAM WAR Amanda Howell VIOLENCE Christopher Sharrett WALT DISNEY COMPANY Janet Wasko WAR FILMS Jeanine Basinger WARNER BROS. Thomas Schatz WESTERNS Corey K. Creekmur WOMAN’S PICTURES Annette Kuhn WORLD WAR I Michael Williams WORLD WAR II Amanda Howell YIDDISH CINEMA David Desser YUGOSLAVIA Bohdan Y. Nebesio XIV SCHIRMER ENCYCLOPEDIA OF FILM
Page 1 and 2: Schirmer Encyclopedia of Film
Page 3 and 4: Project Editor Michael J. Tyrkus Ed
Page 5 and 6: VOLUME 1 Contents Preface IX List o
Page 7 and 8: PREFACE subject in English. In a fe
Page 9: LIST OF ARTICLES CO-PRODUCTIONS Mar
Page 13 and 14: Academy Awards Ò members fund the
Page 15 and 16: Academy Awards Ò Denzel Washington
Page 17 and 18: Academy Awards Ò KATHARINE HEPBURN
Page 19 and 20: Academy Awards Ò Katharine Hepburn
Page 21 and 22: The performances seen in films refl
Page 23 and 24: films and high-concept blockbusters
Page 25 and 26: However, in contrast to media celeb
Page 27 and 28: encounter film performances. Anothe
Page 29 and 30: John Cassavetes. EVERETT COLLECTION
Page 31 and 32: Bertolt Brecht. EVERETT COLLECTION.
Page 33 and 34: Portrait of Marlon Brando at the ti
Page 35 and 36: Pearson, Roberta E. Eloquent Gestur
Page 37 and 38: Action and Adventure Films Bruce Wi
Page 39 and 40: Action and Adventure Films ERROL FL
Page 41 and 42: Action and Adventure Films and high
Page 43 and 44: Action and Adventure Films Arnold S
Page 45 and 46: It seems certain that the first ‘
Page 47 and 48: the Garbo vehicle A Woman of Affair
Page 49 and 50: JOHN HUSTON b. Nevada, Missouri, 5
Page 51 and 52: provide formidable barriers that ha
Page 53 and 54: RAYMOND CHANDLER b. Chicago, Illino
Page 55 and 56: Witches of Salem, 1957), from The C
Page 57 and 58: Africa South of the Sahara Senegale
Page 59 and 60: Africa South of the Sahara ‘‘pu
Page 61 and 62:
Africa South of the Sahara Emitai (
Page 63 and 64:
Africa South of the Sahara employin
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Africa South of the Sahara cultures
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African American Cinema Spike Lee
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African American Cinema OSCAR MICHE
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African American Cinema Sidney Poit
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African American Cinema Sidney Poit
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African American Cinema characters
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African American Cinema Spike Lee.
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Agents and Agencies from numerous e
Page 81 and 82:
Agents and Agencies LEW WASSERMAN b
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Agents and Agencies motion pictures
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‘‘Actors are cattle,’’ Alfr
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created by using a real tarantula a
Page 89 and 90:
Courage of Lassie (1946), with Eliz
Page 91 and 92:
Even in the contemporary era, when
Page 93 and 94:
of short stop-motion films made by
Page 95 and 96:
Pal’s legacy in Europe has been s
Page 97 and 98:
Jan Svankmajer. JAN SVANKMAJER/ATHA
Page 99 and 100:
CORE Digital Pictures in Toronto, C
Page 101 and 102:
Norman McLaren. Ó CORBIS KIPA. Wha
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The ‘‘Arab world’’ constitu
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influenced film practice in other A
Page 107 and 108:
Elia Suleiman. EVERETT COLLECTION.
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Manal Khader in Divine Intervention
Page 111 and 112:
Film and television history can onl
Page 113 and 114:
HENRI LANGLOIS b. Smryna (Izmir), T
Page 115 and 116:
The National Film Preservation Boar
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Argentine filmmaking dates approxim
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attention, but none has yet to atta
Page 121 and 122:
The term ‘‘art cinema’’ is
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Michelangelo Antonioni. Ó JOHN SPR
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that run counter to the body of con
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filmmakers Akira Kurosawa (1910-199
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ASIANAMERICANCINEMA Asian American
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The ‘‘white man’s burden’
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Named after John Wayne, Wang studie
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an Asian American context. However,
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Between 1910 and 1912, eighty Austr
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improving American sales, Longford
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Peter Weir shooting The Mosquito Co
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the strange volcanic rocks at Hangi
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Jane Campion at the time of Sweetie
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AUTEUR THEORY AND AUTHORSHIP Transl
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HOWARD HAWKS b. Goshen, Indiana, 30
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the originality of the auteur lies
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pasts, helping ideas about authorsh
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In important respects—and this wa
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journalism, relatively untroubled b
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BMovies Edgar G. Ulmer’s The Man
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BMovies as Jane Eyre (1934). Monogr
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BMovies Edgar G. Ulmer. EVERETT COL
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BMovies Okuda, Ted. The Monogram Ch
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Biography more unlikely, see at pub
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Biography Ken Russell’s The Music
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Biography Ken Russell has had a mul
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Biography Bingham, Dennis. ‘‘I
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Brazil Brazilian audience through i
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Brazil Carlos ‘‘Cacá’’ Die
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Brazil Challenge, Paulo Saraceni, 1
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Brazil expressed by Arnaldo Jabor (
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The motion picture camera is the ba
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THOMAS ALVA EDISON b. Milan, Ohio,
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Light from external subject Lens Di
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will look like. Because it is not a
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Richard Leacock (center) with Rober
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CAMERA MOVEMENT Camera movement is
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Kenji Mizoguchi. THE KOBAL COLLECTI
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to use zooms more frequently beginn
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cranes up to a great height, reveal
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Max Ophüls. MAX OPHÜLS/THE KOBAL
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FURTHER READING Bazin, André. What
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Canada north, they’ll soon be dri
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Canada dialogue and script, shootin
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Canada Typical Canadian losers Doug
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Canada Born in Egypt to Armenian pa
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Canada Morris, Peter. Embattled Sha
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Canon and Canonicity served as a re
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Canon and Canonicity same time, gro
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Cartoons Winsor McCay’s Gertie th
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Cartoons CHUCK JONES b. Spokane, Wa
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Cartoons Chuck Jones parodied Wagne
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Casting is one of the least underst
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Charles Coburn when looking for a w
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Lynn Stalmaster. KEVIN WINTER/GETTY
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fame: John Wayne as Genghis Khan in
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Censorship WILL H. HAYS b. William
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Censorship The suggestive image of
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Censorship Peter Watkins’s The Wa
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Censorship ‘‘indecency,’’ w
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Character Actors public also embrac
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Character Actors Prominent American
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Character Actors SEE ALSO Acting; C
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Child Actors Jackie Cooper with Wal
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Child Actors Shirley Temple was an
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Child Actors Most young actors in t
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Children’s films may be divided i
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most in the realm of animated featu
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disability issues. Oliver! (1968) b
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Chilean cinema emerged at the turn
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Raúl Ruiz studied law and theology
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dictatorship; Gringuito (Sergio Cas
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China 1934), both depicting the pli
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China Gong Li in Zhang Yimou’s Ra
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China Zhang Yimou. PHOTO BY S. SARA
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The job of choreographer or dance d
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Roy Scheider as choreographer Joe G
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Bob Fosse on the set of All That Ja
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Cinematography Gregg Toland’s dee
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Cinematography GREGG TOLAND b. Char
Page 281 and 282:
Cinematography will appear in crisp
Page 283 and 284:
Cinematography Néstor Almendros wi
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Cinematography James Wong Howe’s
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Cinematography Néstor Almendros’
Page 289 and 290:
The first filmgoers who referred to
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wars of high and low categories of
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‘‘Class’’ is a term used to
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to be the most important art form
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Mike Leigh. PHOTOBYCJCONTINO/EVERET
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acism, sexism, and militarism). Goi
Page 301 and 302:
The science fiction film Strange In
Page 303 and 304:
answer questions that would have in
Page 305 and 306:
Edward Dmytryk on location directin
Page 307 and 308:
Dalton Trumbo. EVERETT COLLECTION.
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number (57) of Communists he claims
Page 311 and 312:
A Hollywood myth has it that the co
Page 313 and 314:
and his gifted cameraman Gunnar Fis
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COLONIALISM AND POSTCOLONIALISM Amo
Page 317 and 318:
Although the visual artist Tracey M
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(Robert Flaherty, 1922), but also c
Page 321 and 322:
notice, such as in Once Were Warrio
Page 323 and 324:
Color The Wizard of Oz (Victor Flem
Page 325 and 326:
Color HERBERT THOMAS KALMUS b. Bost
Page 327 and 328:
Color Monica Vitti in Il Deserto ro
Page 329 and 330:
Color The Band Wagon (Vincente Minn
Page 331 and 332:
The rise of Columbia Pictures to Ho
Page 333 and 334:
HARRY COHN b. New York, New York, 2
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not only scripted but also informal
Page 337 and 338:
Rita Hayworth in Gilda (Charles Vid
Page 339 and 340:
From Here to Eternity (1953), On th
Page 341 and 342:
In a valuable insight on the nature
Page 343 and 344:
Ferrell (b. 1967) fails as a toymak
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Charlie Chaplin in 1936, the year o
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Parody is often enhanced by various
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‘‘boy-meets-girl’’ formula
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FURTHER READING Bergson, Henri. Lau
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Comics and Comic Books than three h
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Comics and Comic Books Among the mo
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Co-productions other languages as w
Page 359 and 360:
Co-productions sion programs throug
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Costume design is as crucial to the
Page 363 and 364:
out contradictions such as Walter P
Page 365 and 366:
ADRIAN b. Adrian Adolph Greenburg,
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Piero Gherardi’s extreme costumes
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The word ‘‘credits’’ refers
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Saul Bass. EVERETT COLLECTION. REPR
Page 373 and 374:
Saul Bass’s credits for Otto Prem
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multiple exposures, and the musical
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Crew The size and diversity of mode
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Crew VISUAL DESIGN The production d
Page 381 and 382:
Crew musical score is designed by a
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Crime films rule the world from Eas
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series of crime comedies at England
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HUMPHREY BOGART b. New York, New Yo
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victim in Midnight in the Garden of
Page 391 and 392:
Born in Queens, Martin Scorsese gre
Page 393:
Krutnik, Frank. In a Lonely Street:
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