Schirmer Encyclopedia of Film

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Editorial Board EDITOR IN CHIEF Barry Keith Grant Professor of Film Studies and Popular Culture at Brock University, St. Catharines, Ontario, Canada Author, editor, or co-author of more than a dozen books on film, including Documenting the Documentary: Close Readings of Documentary Film and Video, The Film Studies Dictionary, Film Genre Reader III, and Film Genre: From Iconography to Ideology. He also edits the Contemporary Approaches to Film and Television series for Wayne State University Press and the New Approaches to Film Genre series for Blackwell Publishers. ADVISORY EDITORS David Desser Professor of Cinema Studies, Comparative Literature, East Asian Languages and Cultures, and Jewish Studies at the University of Illinois, Urbana–Champaign Author of The Samurai Films of Akira Kurosawa, Eros plus Massacre: An Introduction to the Japanese New Wave Cinema; co-author of American Jewish Filmmakers; editor of Ozu’s ‘‘Tokyo Story’’; and the co-editor of a number of other books on Asian cinema. Jim Hillier Former Senior Lecturer in Film Studies at the University of Reading (UK) in the Department of Film, Theatre & Television Publications include: as editor, Cahiers du Cinéma Vol. 1: the 1950s and Vol. 2: the 1960s,andAmerican Independent Cinema; and, as author, The New Hollywood. Janet Staiger William P. Hobby Centennial Professor in Communication at the University of Texas at Austin Author of Media Reception Studies, Blockbuster TV: Must-See Sitcoms in the Network Era, Perverse Spectators: The Practices of Film Reception, and co-editor of Authorship and Film.
VOLUME 1 Contents Preface IX List of Articles XI ACADEMY AWARDS Ò –CRIME FILMS 1 Index 411 VOLUME 2 List of Articles IX CRITICISM–IDEOLOGY 1 Index 413 VOLUME 3 List of Articles IX INDEPENDENT FILM–ROAD MOVIES 1 Index 423 VOLUME 4 List of Articles IX ROMANTIC COMEDY–YUGOSLAVIA 1 Glossary 409 Notes on Advisors and Contributors 419 Index 433 VII
Page 1 and 2: Schirmer Encyclopedia of Film
Page 3: Project Editor Michael J. Tyrkus Ed
Page 7 and 8: PREFACE subject in English. In a fe
Page 9 and 10: LIST OF ARTICLES CO-PRODUCTIONS Mar
Page 11 and 12: LIST OF ARTICLES UNIVERSAL Thomas S
Page 13 and 14: Academy Awards Ò members fund the
Page 15 and 16: Academy Awards Ò Denzel Washington
Page 17 and 18: Academy Awards Ò KATHARINE HEPBURN
Page 19 and 20: Academy Awards Ò Katharine Hepburn
Page 21 and 22: The performances seen in films refl
Page 23 and 24: films and high-concept blockbusters
Page 25 and 26: However, in contrast to media celeb
Page 27 and 28: encounter film performances. Anothe
Page 29 and 30: John Cassavetes. EVERETT COLLECTION
Page 31 and 32: Bertolt Brecht. EVERETT COLLECTION.
Page 33 and 34: Portrait of Marlon Brando at the ti
Page 35 and 36: Pearson, Roberta E. Eloquent Gestur
Page 37 and 38: Action and Adventure Films Bruce Wi
Page 39 and 40: Action and Adventure Films ERROL FL
Page 41 and 42: Action and Adventure Films and high
Page 43 and 44: Action and Adventure Films Arnold S
Page 45 and 46: It seems certain that the first ‘
Page 47 and 48: the Garbo vehicle A Woman of Affair
Page 49 and 50: JOHN HUSTON b. Nevada, Missouri, 5
Page 51 and 52: provide formidable barriers that ha
Page 53 and 54: RAYMOND CHANDLER b. Chicago, Illino
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Witches of Salem, 1957), from The C
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Africa South of the Sahara Senegale
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Africa South of the Sahara ‘‘pu
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Africa South of the Sahara Emitai (
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Africa South of the Sahara employin
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Africa South of the Sahara cultures
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African American Cinema Spike Lee
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African American Cinema OSCAR MICHE
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African American Cinema Sidney Poit
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African American Cinema Sidney Poit
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African American Cinema characters
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African American Cinema Spike Lee.
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Agents and Agencies from numerous e
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Agents and Agencies LEW WASSERMAN b
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Agents and Agencies motion pictures
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‘‘Actors are cattle,’’ Alfr
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created by using a real tarantula a
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Courage of Lassie (1946), with Eliz
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Even in the contemporary era, when
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of short stop-motion films made by
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Pal’s legacy in Europe has been s
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Jan Svankmajer. JAN SVANKMAJER/ATHA
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CORE Digital Pictures in Toronto, C
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Norman McLaren. Ó CORBIS KIPA. Wha
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The ‘‘Arab world’’ constitu
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influenced film practice in other A
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Elia Suleiman. EVERETT COLLECTION.
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Manal Khader in Divine Intervention
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Film and television history can onl
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HENRI LANGLOIS b. Smryna (Izmir), T
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The National Film Preservation Boar
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Argentine filmmaking dates approxim
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attention, but none has yet to atta
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The term ‘‘art cinema’’ is
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Michelangelo Antonioni. Ó JOHN SPR
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that run counter to the body of con
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filmmakers Akira Kurosawa (1910-199
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ASIANAMERICANCINEMA Asian American
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The ‘‘white man’s burden’
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Named after John Wayne, Wang studie
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an Asian American context. However,
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Between 1910 and 1912, eighty Austr
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improving American sales, Longford
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Peter Weir shooting The Mosquito Co
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the strange volcanic rocks at Hangi
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Jane Campion at the time of Sweetie
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AUTEUR THEORY AND AUTHORSHIP Transl
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HOWARD HAWKS b. Goshen, Indiana, 30
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the originality of the auteur lies
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pasts, helping ideas about authorsh
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In important respects—and this wa
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journalism, relatively untroubled b
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BMovies Edgar G. Ulmer’s The Man
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BMovies as Jane Eyre (1934). Monogr
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BMovies Edgar G. Ulmer. EVERETT COL
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BMovies Okuda, Ted. The Monogram Ch
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Biography more unlikely, see at pub
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Biography Ken Russell’s The Music
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Biography Ken Russell has had a mul
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Biography Bingham, Dennis. ‘‘I
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Brazil Brazilian audience through i
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Brazil Carlos ‘‘Cacá’’ Die
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Brazil Challenge, Paulo Saraceni, 1
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Brazil expressed by Arnaldo Jabor (
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The motion picture camera is the ba
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THOMAS ALVA EDISON b. Milan, Ohio,
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Light from external subject Lens Di
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will look like. Because it is not a
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Richard Leacock (center) with Rober
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CAMERA MOVEMENT Camera movement is
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Kenji Mizoguchi. THE KOBAL COLLECTI
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to use zooms more frequently beginn
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cranes up to a great height, reveal
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Max Ophüls. MAX OPHÜLS/THE KOBAL
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FURTHER READING Bazin, André. What
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Canada north, they’ll soon be dri
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Canada dialogue and script, shootin
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Canada Typical Canadian losers Doug
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Canada Born in Egypt to Armenian pa
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Canada Morris, Peter. Embattled Sha
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Canon and Canonicity served as a re
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Canon and Canonicity same time, gro
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Cartoons Winsor McCay’s Gertie th
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Cartoons CHUCK JONES b. Spokane, Wa
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Cartoons Chuck Jones parodied Wagne
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Casting is one of the least underst
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Charles Coburn when looking for a w
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Lynn Stalmaster. KEVIN WINTER/GETTY
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fame: John Wayne as Genghis Khan in
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Censorship WILL H. HAYS b. William
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Censorship The suggestive image of
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Censorship Peter Watkins’s The Wa
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Censorship ‘‘indecency,’’ w
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Character Actors public also embrac
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Character Actors Prominent American
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Character Actors SEE ALSO Acting; C
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Child Actors Jackie Cooper with Wal
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Child Actors Shirley Temple was an
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Child Actors Most young actors in t
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Children’s films may be divided i
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most in the realm of animated featu
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disability issues. Oliver! (1968) b
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Chilean cinema emerged at the turn
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Raúl Ruiz studied law and theology
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dictatorship; Gringuito (Sergio Cas
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China 1934), both depicting the pli
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China Gong Li in Zhang Yimou’s Ra
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China Zhang Yimou. PHOTO BY S. SARA
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The job of choreographer or dance d
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Roy Scheider as choreographer Joe G
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Bob Fosse on the set of All That Ja
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Cinematography Gregg Toland’s dee
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Cinematography GREGG TOLAND b. Char
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Cinematography will appear in crisp
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Cinematography Néstor Almendros wi
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Cinematography James Wong Howe’s
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Cinematography Néstor Almendros’
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The first filmgoers who referred to
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wars of high and low categories of
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‘‘Class’’ is a term used to
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to be the most important art form
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Mike Leigh. PHOTOBYCJCONTINO/EVERET
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acism, sexism, and militarism). Goi
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The science fiction film Strange In
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answer questions that would have in
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Edward Dmytryk on location directin
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Dalton Trumbo. EVERETT COLLECTION.
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number (57) of Communists he claims
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A Hollywood myth has it that the co
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and his gifted cameraman Gunnar Fis
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COLONIALISM AND POSTCOLONIALISM Amo
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Although the visual artist Tracey M
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(Robert Flaherty, 1922), but also c
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notice, such as in Once Were Warrio
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Color The Wizard of Oz (Victor Flem
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Color HERBERT THOMAS KALMUS b. Bost
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Color Monica Vitti in Il Deserto ro
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Color The Band Wagon (Vincente Minn
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The rise of Columbia Pictures to Ho
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HARRY COHN b. New York, New York, 2
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not only scripted but also informal
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Rita Hayworth in Gilda (Charles Vid
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From Here to Eternity (1953), On th
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In a valuable insight on the nature
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Ferrell (b. 1967) fails as a toymak
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Charlie Chaplin in 1936, the year o
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Parody is often enhanced by various
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‘‘boy-meets-girl’’ formula
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FURTHER READING Bergson, Henri. Lau
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Comics and Comic Books than three h
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Comics and Comic Books Among the mo
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Co-productions other languages as w
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Co-productions sion programs throug
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Costume design is as crucial to the
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out contradictions such as Walter P
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ADRIAN b. Adrian Adolph Greenburg,
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Piero Gherardi’s extreme costumes
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The word ‘‘credits’’ refers
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Saul Bass. EVERETT COLLECTION. REPR
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Saul Bass’s credits for Otto Prem
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multiple exposures, and the musical
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Crew The size and diversity of mode
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Crew VISUAL DESIGN The production d
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Crew musical score is designed by a
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Crime films rule the world from Eas
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series of crime comedies at England
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HUMPHREY BOGART b. New York, New Yo
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victim in Midnight in the Garden of
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Born in Queens, Martin Scorsese gre
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Krutnik, Frank. In a Lonely Street:
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