Schirmer Encyclopedia of Film

Krutnik, Frank. In a Lonely Street: Film Noir, Genre, Masculinity.
London: Routledge, 1991.
Leitch, Thomas. Crime Films. Cambridge, UK, and New York:
Cambridge University Press, 2002.
McCarty, John. Bullets over Hollywood: The American Gangster
Picture from the Silents to The Sopranos. Cambridge, MA: Da
Capo, 2004.
Munby, Jonathan. Public Enemies, Public Heroes: Screening the
Gangster Film from ‘‘Little Caesar’’ to ‘‘Touch of Evil.’’
Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1999.
Rafter, Nicole. Shots in the Mirror: Crime Films and Society. New
York: Oxford University Press, 2000.
Rosow, Eugene. Born to Lose: The Gangster Film in America. New
York: Oxford University Press, 1978.
Crime Films
Ruhm, Herbert. The Hard-Boiled Detective: Stories from Black
Mask Magazine, 1920–1951. New York: Vintage, 1977.
Shadoian, Jack. Dreams and Dead Ends: The American Gangster/
Crime Film. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1977.
Warshow, Robert. ‘‘The Gangster as Tragic Hero.’’ In The
Immediate Experience: Movies, Comics, Theatre and Other
Aspects of Popular Culture, 127–133. Garden City, NY:
Doubleday, 1962.
Wright, Will. Six Guns and Society: A Structural Study of the
Western. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1975.
Thomas Leitch
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