Yellowstone's Northern Range - Greater Yellowstone Science ...

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THE PREHISTORIC AND EARLY HISTORIC SETTING CLIMATE AND THE NORTHERN RANGE When discussing the northern range and its issues, the popular and scientific press have devoted most of their attention to the animals and plants that inhabit the range. But the fundamental force shaping the native plant and animal communities of the earth is climate. Because "climate is the primary deternrinant of vegetation" (Forman and Godron 1986), it is also the factor controlling herbivorous animals an ecosystem can support, and therefore what predators can thflve there as well. Ecologists sometimes describe an ecosystem as a complex set of "feedback loops" in which the various elements of the setting interact and influence one another. For example, climate may dictate what vegetation can grow in an area, but the vegetation, by shading the soil from sunlig.ht (thus creating various "microclimates" within the plant canopy), as well as by providing organic malter to the soil in the fonm of dead plant malter, "feeds back" into the cJimate-vegetation-soil system. As the soil is affected and enriched, it hosts different proportions and abundances of vegetation species. Ultimately, vegetation can even affect climate (Forman and Godron 1986); many vegetation communities, from the wildest tropical rainforest to the most carefully cultivated cornfield, may influence atmospheric conditions. 15
Page 1: YELLOW"STONE'S NORTHERN RANGE COMPL
Page 4 and 5: .. •.
Page 6 and 7: Suggested citation: Yellowstone Nat
Page 8 and 9: c=J Northern Winter Range _ Boundar
Page 10 and 11: Aspen, willows, and biodiversity ..
Page 12 and 13: vii
Page 14 and 15: THE NORTHERN RANGE xii range criter
Page 16 and 17: L ~I , }! \,.'1. J 4 f ; " IF , , 1
Page 18 and 19: THE NORTHERN RANGE 2 Figure 1.1. Ph
Page 20 and 21: THE NORTHERN RANGE tion. There was
Page 22 and 23: THE NORTHERN RANGE 6 Figure 1.6. Gr
Page 24 and 25: THE NORTHERN RANGE 8 Figure 1.8. El
Page 26 and 27: THE NORTHERN RANGE 10 unpopular or
Page 28 and 29: THE NORTHERN RANGE 12 earlier Yello
Page 32 and 33: THE NORTHERN RANGE 16 Northern rang
Page 34 and 35: Figure 2.3. Sum ot rotal annual riv
Page 36 and 37: THE NORTHERN RANGE 20 Figure 2.4 Tr
Page 38 and 39: THE NORTHERN RANGE 22 dendrochronol
Page 40 and 41: THE NORTHERN RANGE 24 Figure 2.7. A
Page 42 and 43: THE NORTHERN RANGE 26 et al. (1991)
Page 44 and 45: THE NORTHERN RANGE 28 earlier time,
Page 46 and 47: .', P (/ i0~ , • 9 ~ § , , ~ , i
Page 48 and 49: THE NORTHERN RANGE 32 systems-range
Page 50 and 51: THE NORTHERN RANGE 34 indicates the
Page 52 and 53: THE NORTHERN RANGE 36 Data were gat
Page 54 and 55: THE NORTHERN RANGE 38 grazed and un
Page 56 and 57: THE NORTHERN RANGE showed that graz
Page 58 and 59: , ~ , • V , '. ~ ;' t ~ " ~ .' .~
Page 60 and 61: Figure 4.1. Northern range, showing
Page 62 and 63: Figure 4.2. Willow distribution in
Page 64 and 65: THE NORTHERN RANGE 48 Figure 4.4. I
Page 66 and 67: THE NORTHERN RANGE 50 public lands,
Page 68 and 69: THE NORTIlERN RANGE 52 Figure 4.5.
Page 70 and 71: THE NORTHERN RANGE 54 able uncertai
Page 72 and 73: THE NORTHERN RANGE 56 to confirm an
Page 74: THE NORTHERN RANGE 58 RESEARCH RECO
Page 77 and 78: SOIL, EROSION, SEDIMENTS, AND WATER
Page 79 and 80: SOIL, EROSION, SEDIMENTS, AND WATER
Page 81 and 82:
ated with ungulate winter ranges. T
Page 83 and 84:
ELK POPULATION ISSUES IS YELLOWSTON
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ange grazing issue, Yellowstone man
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ELK POPULATION ISSUES 71 ... Other
Page 89 and 90:
ELK POPULATION ISSUES 73 1996d), so
Page 91 and 92:
ELK POPULATION ISSUES 75 the northe
Page 93 and 94:
ELK POPULATION ISSUES 77 It has evo
Page 96 and 97:
4 , ~ 1 v " 'It , \ J~ ~""~ .:,~ ",
Page 98 and 99:
THE NORTHERN RANGE 82 Competition t
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Figure 7.3. Bison winter range. Sin
Page 102 and 103:
THE NORTHERN RANGE Figure 7.7. Envi
Page 104 and 105:
THE NORTHERN RANGE 88 not aware of
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THE NORTHERN RANGE 90 tion size, an
Page 108 and 109:
THE NORTHERN RANGE 92 activity (95
Page 110 and 111:
THE NORTHERN RANGE 94 pursue the su
Page 112 and 113:
THE NORTHERN RANGE 96 factors were
Page 114 and 115:
THE NORTHERN RANGE Figure 7.13. Num
Page 116 and 117:
, .. , , " , ! I ." ~, ~ " ,.\ ,•
Page 118 and 119:
THE NORTHERN RANGE 102 complex set
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THE NORTHERN RANGE 104 practically
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THE NORTHERN RANGE 106 appear suppr
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AppendixA. Conferences, Meetings, a
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lJO Year Estimate Comment Source 19
Page 128 and 129:
lJ2 , Estimated # of Elk Year Date
Page 130 and 131:
lJ4 Winter Total Count 1967-68 397
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116 Year Date of Count Parkwide Par
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118 Counts and estimates of mule de
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120 Northern Yellowstone winter ran
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122 Population estimates and reduct
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124 Actual count Inside Outside Est
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Pronghorn counted during spring sur
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128 Year 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1
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Ground and aerial counts of bighorn
Page 148 and 149:
REFERENCE LIST NOTES ON THIS REFERE
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Pages 199-210 in Carbyn, L.N., S.H.
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Yellowstone National Park. Technica
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mammal mortality in the 1988 Yellow
Page 156 and 157:
National Park. International Journa
Page 158 and 159:
Mehus, C.A. 1995. Influences ofbraw
Page 160 and 161:
__ , and __ . 1996a. Preburn root b
Page 162 and 163:
Pages 127-138 in F.J. Singer, ed. E
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some northern Yellowstone elk. M.S.
Page 166:
I I I I I
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