Yellowstone's Northern Range - Greater Yellowstone Science ...
Yellowstone's Northern Range - Greater Yellowstone Science ...
Yellowstone's Northern Range - Greater Yellowstone Science ...
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GRASSLANDS<br />
35<br />
25000<br />
20000<br />
15000<br />
10000<br />
Number of Elk<br />
Figure 3. J a. Recent<br />
elk numbers all<br />
Yellowstolle's<br />
northern range.<br />
Dark squares:<br />
minimum estimated<br />
/lumber oj elk ill the<br />
fall. Grey squares:<br />
total estimated<br />
midwinter population<br />
as corrected for elk<br />
sightability, which<br />
varies dlle to differing'<br />
winter conditions,<br />
adapted from<br />
Coughenour et af.<br />
(1994) and Singeret<br />
al. (1997).<br />
5000<br />
o<br />
1956 1960 1965<br />
1970<br />
1975<br />
1980 1985 1990 1995<br />
Year<br />
Total Plant Frequency<br />
60<br />
40<br />
20<br />
B<br />
-a- Lower - In --*- Lower - Out --B- Upper-in<br />
~ Upper-out<br />
B<br />
O~~~~~-L~~~~~~-L~-L~LL~~~L4-L~~<br />
1956 1961 1966 1971 1976 1981 1986<br />
Figure 3.1 h. Total<br />
plant frequencies<br />
inside and outside of<br />
elk exclosilres all<br />
lower and upper<br />
elevation sites on the<br />
northern range. Note<br />
the lack of correlation<br />
between elk IIlImbers<br />
alld plant frequencies,<br />
suggesting that<br />
climate, rather thaI!<br />
elk, is the determinant<br />
of the condition of<br />
plant communities.<br />
Adapted from<br />
Coughenour et al.<br />
(1994).<br />
Year<br />
GRASSLAND PRODUCTION<br />
The question of the effect of ungulate grazing<br />
on the abundance or biomass of grassland vegetation<br />
is central. Several research projects investigated<br />
vegetation biomass on a variety of locations<br />
and seasonal ungulate ranges (Frank 1990; Frank<br />
and McNaughton 1991, 1992, 1993, 1996a, 1996b;<br />
Merrill and Boyce 1991, 1996; Singer 1996a).