the development of russian military policy and finland

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ANNEX 4 EXPERIENCES AND CONCLUSIONS OF THE RUSSIAN MILITARY EXERCISES SINCE 2009 Large-scale strategic military exercises of Russian Armed Forces and together with forces of other "power ministries", so called “siloviki”, have been carried out in different parts of Russia on rotation basis every 1-4 years. After one such exercise, Kavkaz-2008, in August 2008 troops continued directly to the pre-planned military operation against Georgia, instead of returning to their home bases in the Northern Caucasus Military District. 332 The next large-scale strategic military exercise Zapad-2013 (West-2013) will take place in western Russia and Belarus in 2013. 333 Large-scale strategic exercises in North-West Russia have not been frequent. The year 2009 made an exception. Two large-scale partly overlapping exercises were carried out. Exercise Ladoga-2009 was carried out in a zone of 300 km x 1200 km, from Pechenga to Vyborg and further south of St. Petersburg. A few weeks later started another, even larger exercise, Zapad (West) 2009 which tested the new chain of command. Both exercises started from the same basic scenario, invasion by enemy ground forces from the west toward western and north-western Russia, supported by air and naval forces. Exercise Ladoga took place mainly in nine separate ranges between The Arctic Ocean and Pskov oblast. The live firing climax was a launch of ballistic missiles. Both exercises were coordinated by the General Staff. Ladoga-2009 was executed under the command of Commander-in-Chief of Russian Ground Forces and Zapad-2009 under Chief of General Staff. 334 One important goal of both exercises was to scrutinize the protection of flanks of two commands. New tactical and technical innovations with "good 332 Cohen, 2008. See also the video Студия "Альфа", г. Тверь, 7 August 2012, Потерянный день" вся правда о Войне 08.08.08г. (The Lost Day – the Whole Truth about the War on 8 August 2008) & Felgenhauer, 2012. The “Lost Day” film and the comments by Putin and Medvedev have revealed a great deal: that the invasion of Georgia in August 2008 was indeed a pre-planned aggression and that so-called “Russian peacekeepers” in South Ossetia and Abkhazia were in fact the vanguard of the invading forces that were in blatant violation of Russia’s international obligations and were training and arming the local separatist forces. 333 Belarusian Telegraph Agency (BELTA), 26 October 2012, “Belarus to Host Next Belarusian-Russian Army Exercise in 2013” [http://news.belta.by/en/news/society?id= 664528]. 334 Khaimendrinov, 2009.
94 · The Development of Russian Military Policy and Finland old" equipment and weaponry were used. The command, control and cooperation of troops were the focal point of both exercises. Comprehensive net work based air defence, wide signal intelligence, common communications system and automated command (ASU TZ) in one integrated net work were tested. Satellite intelligence, UAVs, electronic warfare, automated C 3 I will be essential factors on future battlefield. 335 About 20 000 Russian and Belorussian troops participated in Exercise Zapad- 2009 and about 7 400 Russian soldiers of different "power ministries" participated in Exercise Ladoga-2009. Parts of the 28th Motorized Rifle Brigade were transferred from Yekaterinburg by train to the Karelian Isthmus. Troops of 20 th Guards Army from then Moscow Military District were transported to Zapad-2009 exercise area. 336 Approximately 60 Russian and Belorussian combat aircraft and more than 40 helicopters were involved in Zapad-2009. New generation precision guided weapon and target acquisition systems were tested. The Joint Russian - Belorussian Air Defence System, which was founded earlier in 2009, was also proved. Night vision capable combat helicopter Mil Mi-28Ns together with older, but modernized Mi-24 PMs operated the first time at exercises. Also Kamov Ka- 50s and Ka-52s were seen. The latest model MiG-29 SMT interceptors participated also for the first time. Aged but modernized Tupolev Tu-160, Tu- 95MS, Tu-22MS bombers, Sukhoi Su-27SM, Mikoyan MiG-31BM fighters and Sukhoi Su-24M2 and Su-25SM ground attack air craft were in action. Units of long range S-400 and S-300 PM SAM-batteries performed in air defence and anti air duties. 337 Air launched precision guided weapons from Tupolev Tu-22M3 (NATO: Backfire) bomber and tactical Sukhoi Su-24M (NATO: Fencer) attack aircraft were also tested in Belarus during this exercise. 338 As to the exercise’s maritime section, a naval anti-ship cruise missile P-700 Granit (NATO: SS-N-19 Shipwreck) salvo, employing so called “wolfpack” tactics, was launched from different directions for the first time in fifteen years. Maximum range of the Granit missile is about 550 km. 339 335 Ekström, 2010, p. 25. 336 Khaimendrinov, 2009. 337 RIA Novosti, 8 September 2009, “Russia and Belarus Start Zapad 2009 Military Exercise” [http://en.rian.ru/military_news/20090908/156054418.html] & Smith, 2009. 338 Semenuk, 2009. 339 Warfare.be, “SS-N-19 Shipwreck/P-700 Granit” [http://warfare.be/?linkid=2082 &catid=312].
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THE DEVELOPMENT OF RUSSIAN MILITARY
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CONTENTS EXECUTIVE SUMMARY i 1 INTR
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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY The powerful revi
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The current ground forces east and
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v Comparisons in which Finland’s
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