AN EXERCISE IN WORLDMAKING 2009 - ISS

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46 EVA SABATE late and compensate undesirable MNE behaviour (Gereffi, 2005). International human rights laws have not yet been developed enough to be able to hold states responsibility for the extraterritorial activities of their non-government citizens, including corporations. The lack of enforcement mechanisms in multilateral organisations dealing with labour rights such as ILO or OECD are illustrative examples for this international deficit. Arguing that this would represent a competitive disadvantage for their companies, home states have consequently been unwilling to regulate their overseas activities (Joseph, 1999). However, recent examples in France and the UK have shown that it is possible to apply national laws by means of the forum non conveniens. In those cases, home states have enabled litigation against national companies for violation of human rights of their subsidiaries in other countries. The European Coalition for Corporate Justice (ECCJ), in an attempt to challenge the limited liability of MNE, has proposed a legal recognition of MNE as single legal entities in Europe, extending parent company liability for the environment and social impacts of their actions. The proposal also includes the extension of the duty of care to subsidiaries and suppliers (ECCJ, 2008). If the initiative reaches European recognition, it could represent an important opportunity to hold Inditex accountability for the working rights violations oversees, including the Spectrum case, and it could pave the way to make companies more aware of the dangers of “just in time” production practices. The case of Inditex has allowed a comparison among the enforcement potential of two CSR initiatives undertaken by the company. As highlighted when dealing with the Inditex’s code of conduct for external manufacturers and suppliers, the several limitations found in its implementation procedures have lead to important labour rights violations in the company’s supply chain. The IFA signed with ITGLWF in 2007 has shown significant improvements in terms of enforcement possibilities. The application of the agreement in several cases has lead to solve critical labour issues in the company’s overseas subsidiaries. Moreover, both the unilateral company code of conduct and the bilateral signed IFA have failed to address important labour issues. Among them stand out the irregularities in the Spectrum compensation process and the working rights violations resulted from the company’s purchasing practices. This fact raises concerns about the limitations of the CSR
4 Labour Rights Governance, Decent Work and Global Value Chains 47 enforcement potential and its real outcomes for the most vulnerable workers. Important initiatives to enforce national and international laws and provide an opportunity to litigate companies for their extraterritorial behaviour are regarded in this essay as the ideal scenario. Such regulation would successfully protect and promote core labour standards providing workers worldwide, including those from Inditex, with a decent work and a decent life. REFERENCES Brower, K (2008) “An Introduction to International Framework Agreements”. FNV Mondiaal Campaña Ropa Limpia, Intermon OXFAM and SETEM (2003) “La Moda, un tejido de Injusticias: ¿dónde queda el respeto a los derechos laborales?” Clean Clothes Campaign (2005): “Looking for a quick fix: How weak social auditing is keeping workers in sweatshops”. Amsterdam URL: http://www. cleanclothes.org/ftp/05-quick_fix.pdf. DG Enterprise and Industry URL: http://ec.europa.eu/enterprise/csr/index_ en.htm DG Enterprise and Industry (Last access March <strong>2009</strong>) ECCJ European Coalition for Corporate Justice (2008) “Smart reguation; Legislative opportunities for the EU to improve corporate accountability” Conference El Economista: RSC.- La Campaña Ropa Limpia exigirá hoy en la Junta de Inditex salarios dignos en sus fábricas proveedoras (15/07/2008) URL: http://www.eleconomista.es/economia/noticias/654938/07/08/RSC-La- Campana-Ropa-Limpia-exigira-hoy-en-la-Junta-de-Inditex-salarios-dignosen-sus-fabricas-proveedoras.html (Last access March <strong>2009</strong>) ETI Ethical Trading Initiative (2003) Annual Report 2002/2003 "Harnessing Difference" URL: http://www.ethicaltrade.org/Z/lib/annrep/index.shtml ETUF-TCL European Trade Union Federation of Textile, Clothing and Leather. -ITGLWF/Inditex: first International Framework Agreement in the TGL (04/10/07) URL: http://www.etuf-tcl.org/index.php?s=3&rs= home&uid=294&lg=en Friedman, M (1962) Capitalism and Freedom, University of Chicago Press, Chicago Gereffi, G. (2005) ‘Public and Private Governance: Are we at a Turning Point?’, Lecture # 3 for ILO, Kingston, Jamaica, December. 7 th Nobel Peace Prize Social Policy Lectures. URL:http://www.ilo.org/public/english/bureau/ inst/download/spllect3.pdf#search=%22Gary%20Gereffi%20Public%20an d%20Private%20Governance%22
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AN EXERCISE IN WORLDMAKING 2009 Bes
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iii A participatory and student-dri
Page 5 and 6: Foreword This collection of essays
Page 7 and 8: Contents Acknowledgements Foreword
Page 9: Contents ix 14 Orientalisation of V
Page 12 and 13: 2 SANJUKTA CHAUDHURI men. It identi
Page 14 and 15: 4 SANJUKTA CHAUDHURI litical unit o
Page 16 and 17: 6 SANJUKTA CHAUDHURI young men. Mit
Page 18 and 19: 8 SANJUKTA CHAUDHURI Indian Nationa
Page 20 and 21: 10 SANJUKTA CHAUDHURI country as an
Page 22 and 23: 12 SANJUKTA CHAUDHURI CONCLUSION Th
Page 24 and 25: 14 SANJUKTA CHAUDHURI Kimberly Cren
Page 26 and 27: 16 ANDREA NICOLE DYKSHOORN Several
Page 28 and 29: 18 ANDREA NICOLE DYKSHOORN ple, is
Page 30 and 31: 20 ANDREA NICOLE DYKSHOORN dence of
Page 32 and 33: 22 ANDREA NICOLE DYKSHOORN kinson,
Page 34 and 35: 24 ANDREA NICOLE DYKSHOORN Kanu (20
Page 36 and 37: 26 ANDREA NICOLE DYKSHOORN be ident
Page 38 and 39: 3 Innovation in the Andes: Explorin
Page 40 and 41: 30 JONATHAN CONNOR cent, which “r
Page 42 and 43: 32 JONATHAN CONNOR mestizo landowne
Page 44 and 45: 34 JONATHAN CONNOR for channeling e
Page 46 and 47: 36 JONATHAN CONNOR 2002: 297). In t
Page 48 and 49: 38 JONATHAN CONNOR portant challeng
Page 50 and 51: 40 EVA SABATE tion of Multinational
Page 52 and 53: 42 EVA SABATE authorize Inditex or
Page 54 and 55: 44 EVA SABATE provide workers with
Page 58 and 59: 48 EVA SABATE Hellman M. (2007) “
Page 60 and 61: 50 SERGIO FERRAGUT THE ROLE OF THE
Page 62 and 63: 52 SERGIO FERRAGUT both old and new
Page 64 and 65: 54 SERGIO FERRAGUT the market and e
Page 66 and 67: 56 SERGIO FERRAGUT other actors. Ex
Page 68 and 69: 58 SERGIO FERRAGUT SYNERGIES WITH T
Page 70 and 71: 60 SERGIO FERRAGUT ing organization
Page 72 and 73: 6 The Utility of the Citizen: Relat
Page 74 and 75: 64 MEGHAN MICHELLE COOPER these lev
Page 76 and 77: 66 MEGHAN MICHELLE COOPER or politi
Page 78 and 79: 68 MEGHAN MICHELLE COOPER this whil
Page 80 and 81: 70 MEGHAN MICHELLE COOPER citizens
Page 82 and 83: 7 Does the Aid Consensus Shift from
Page 84 and 85: 74 SABRINA BRANDT tigue shaped the
Page 86 and 87: 76 SABRINA BRANDT Consensus policie
Page 88 and 89: 78 SABRINA BRANDT resource developm
Page 90 and 91: 80 SABRINA BRANDT Trade liberalisat
Page 92 and 93: 82 SABRINA BRANDT improved producti
Page 94 and 95: 84 SABRINA BRANDT OECD/High Level F
Page 96 and 97: 86 MEKALIA PAULOS AKLILU the restru
Page 98 and 99: 88 MEKALIA PAULOS AKLILU posed to g
Page 100 and 101: 90 MEKALIA PAULOS AKLILU best and s
Page 102 and 103: 92 MEKALIA PAULOS AKLILU instructed
Page 104 and 105: 94 MEKALIA PAULOS AKLILU REFERENCES
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96 BERNICE CAMPOS ROLDAN help very
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98 BERNICE CAMPOS ROLDAN Figure 1 A
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100 BERNICE CAMPOS ROLDAN Table 1 C
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102 BERNICE CAMPOS ROLDAN grams tha
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104 BERNICE CAMPOS ROLDAN just in a
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106 BERNICE CAMPOS ROLDAN through i
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108 BERNICE CAMPOS ROLDAN ports the
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110 BERNICE CAMPOS ROLDAN Woolcock,
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112 ISABELLE TURCOTTE regarding the
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114 ISABELLE TURCOTTE rather paid i
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116 ISABELLE TURCOTTE THE COLOMBIAN
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118 ISABELLE TURCOTTE improving rev
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120 ISABELLE TURCOTTE formally is a
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122 ISABELLE TURCOTTE ity enhanceme
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124 ISABELLE TURCOTTE REFERENCES Al
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126 TISKA YUMEIDA presents policy i
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128 TISKA YUMEIDA knowledge and tec
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130 TISKA YUMEIDA economies of scal
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132 TISKA YUMEIDA Source: Prichet,
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134 TISKA YUMEIDA tries with low le
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136 TISKA YUMEIDA Ray, Debraj (1998
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138 STEFANIA DONZELLI sense of guil
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140 STEFANIA DONZELLI that I will c
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142 STEFANIA DONZELLI institutions,
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144 STEFANIA DONZELLI Encuentro, to
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13 Imaging Women and Compassion in
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148 TERESA LORENA JOPSON Audience a
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150 TERESA LORENA JOPSON gays. In 1
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152 TERESA LORENA JOPSON shot from
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154 TERESA LORENA JOPSON Image 5. H
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156 TERESA LORENA JOPSON Women in t
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158 TERESA LORENA JOPSON depicts th
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14 Orientalisation of Veil: Unpacki
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162 UMME BUSRA FATEHA SULTANA Musli
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164 UMME BUSRA FATEHA SULTANA out o
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166 UMME BUSRA FATEHA SULTANA by Ed
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168 UMME BUSRA FATEHA SULTANA “We
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170 UMME BUSRA FATEHA SULTANA Chowd
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172 MELANIE NEWELL INTRODUCTION The
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174 MELANIE NEWELL stood, analyzed,
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176 MELANIE NEWELL tered around gen
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178 MELANIE NEWELL TRANSFORMATIVE P
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180 MELANIE NEWELL ance and demandi
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16 What’s Yours is Mine TARA TABA
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184 TARA TABASSI as a teller of oth
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186 TARA TABASSI were ‘white,’
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188 TARA TABASSI until now, by her.
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190 TARA TABASSI It could be anyone
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192 TARA TABASSI that assumed of th
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194 TARA TABASSI ments, undermine h
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196 TARA TABASSI TEXT AS SOCIAL PHE
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198 TARA TABASSI Hirschkind, C. and
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200 CHANTELLE DE NOBREGA The first
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202 CHANTELLE DE NOBREGA know exact
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204 CHANTELLE DE NOBREGA of the ver
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206 CHANTELLE DE NOBREGA Human righ
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208 CHANTELLE DE NOBREGA hances “
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210 CHANTELLE DE NOBREGA Raj, R. (2
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