Innovation in Global Power - Parsons Brinckerhoff

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Thermal – Achieving New Efficiencies, Reducing Carbon Emissions http://www.pbworld.com/news_events/publications/network/ The main uses of type i are for instrumentation, telecommunication devices, and similar equipment. It is well known, inexpensive and readily available, but special design and installation rules need to be followed. Two categories of intrinsic safety are available. Category ia, which provides the highest degree of explosion protection available, ensures safety under two faults. Category ib ensures safety under a single fault. Design and Assembly Stage Inspections Inspections of the installation need to be conducted throughout the stages of its life cycle in accordance with IEC 60079. Design Stage. Inspections should start at the design stage by means of design review because mistakes identified at this stage are almost always easier and less costly to rectify. Factory Assembly Stage. When factory assembly of skid mounted equipment is completed and after the factory has conducted its own inspection, an inspection done by our team is advantageous. Whilst this does not present a comprehensive picture of the final installation, it can often show mistakes, and corrective measures can be planned during shipping to the construction site. Final Construction Inspection A final construction inspection, along with possible rectification of any mistake, is mandatory before explosive fluid can be introduced to the plant. The objective of the inspections is to verify the installation complies with the applicable code of practice. In the case of IEC 60079, this requires ensuring that the appropriate components were selected and that they were installed correctly. Discovery of an installation mistake at this stage may lead to project time delay. Verification of Explosion Protection. The first part of any inspection work is to make sure that the equipment is explosion protected in conformance with IEC 60079. Whilst it may be labelled with compliance information, a visual check of labelling is not enough. It is necessary to obtain a copy of the original certificate of conformance and use this as the inspection start-point. The inspector should check the certificate validity, cross check the certificate against equipment labels and verify the installation method complies with the requirements as stated in the certificate. Use of Check Sheets. It is good practice to record the outcome of the inspection using check-sheets. The minimum points to be considered are peculiar to each type of protection, as summarised in the box below. In addition, the check-sheets should contain a record of each item’s certificate number. The methods used are straightforward; however, each item of plant has its own peculiarities and some of these are often overlooked. The importance of this matter dictates that an expert lead the inspection at this stage. Minimum Check Points for Installation of Three Common Types of Explosion Protection Flame proof enclosure installation (type d). • The EEx d label is correct. • The cover has been fitted correctly. • The serial number on the cover and base unit match (if applicable). • Cable entries are by means of EEx d certified gland (special rule for enclosure > 2 litre size), EEx d certified plug or stopper, EEx d certified cable bushing/termination or sealed conduit. • All conduits are wrench-tight with at least five full threads engaged. • Any reducer used is certified. Increased safety installation (type e). • The EEx e label is correct. • Any breather is of an approved type (see certificate schedule). • Any breather is installed in correct face. • Any unused cable hole is sealed properly. • All terminal screws are tightened, including spare terminals. • Insulation is within 1 mm (0.04 inch) of the terminal throat. • If mineral-insulated copper clad (MICC) cable is used, an EEx e gland is applied. • The glanding technique maintains IP54 (washers may be used). • There is no more than one conductor per clamp, unless a special joint is used. • Terminal creepages and clearances are within specifications. • Terminal temperatures will not exceed the temperature of the component certificate. • All terminals and accessories have been installed per the manufacturer’s recommendations. • Terminal ratings do not exceed their label. Intrinsic safety installation (type i). • The barrier is installed in safe area (may be in zone 1 area if inside EEx d enclosure). • The EEx marking is correct on the barrier and device, if applicable. • Wiring has been segregated. • Enclosures are protected to at least IP20. • Earthing has been connected in accordance with the EEx certificate. • Wiring properties are consistent with EEx certification. • If a colour code is applied, the colour used is light blue. Related Web Sites: Additional information about the use of electrical equipment in hazardous areas is publicly available at numerous certification body and specialist manufacturer’s Web sites, including: • http://www.baseefa.com/ • http://www.mtl-inst.com/ • http://www.ptb.de/index_en.html • http://www.stahl.de/en/start.html Stewart Gray is a principal engineer with more than 30 years’ project engineering experience, including 10 in a construction-based consulting role. With his detailed knowledge of the subjects of safety and inspections, he has identified a variety of hazardous area installation errors on behalf of several clients before their plants went into service. In most cases, these errors were attributable to incorrect material selection or inappropriate installation techniques. PB Network #68 / August 2008 12
Thermal – Achieving New Efficiencies, Reducing Carbon Emissions http://www.pbworld.com/news_events/publications/network/ Project Brief: Using Monte Carlo Techniques to Size a Power Station By Mike Emmerton, Hong Kong, 65 6290 0737, emmertonM@pbworld.com 1 Two earlier PB Network articles tell how Monte Carlo techniques were used in risk management. Please see: • “Project Risk Management and Madrid’s New Airport” by Paul Callender, Issue 51, January 2002, pp. 56-58 and on line at http:// www.pbworld.com/news_events/ publications/network/issue_51/ 51_24_callenderp_madrid airport.asp. • “A Risk Assessment and Analysis for an Existing Water Conveyance Tunnel” by Kyle Ott and Joe Wang, Issue 51, January 2002, pp. 38-40, 43 and on line at http://www.pbworld.com/news_ events/publications/network/ issue_51/51_17_ottk_risk assessmentanalysistunnel.asp In early 2007, PB was selected to assist one of the world’s largest port owner-operators to determine the least-cost approach to meeting the power needs of a proposed container port development in Pakistan. The major electrical loads of a container port are the quay cranes used for loading and unloading container ships. The client required our power specialists to determine whether a stand-alone power station would be more economical than using on-board quay crane diesel motors. The key challenge in sizing the power station was to deal with the uncertainty associated with the loading pattern of 16 quay cranes. The electrical loads of these cranes vary with their duty cycles, and the total load varies with the number of cranes in operation In turn, this, is dependent on the rate of arrival/departure and the capacity of the container ships. Our team combined engineering and Monte Carlo techniques to successfully deal with this problem. Monte Carlo is a method of analyzing stochastic processes, which are those governed by laws of probability, that are so difficult that a purely mathematical treatment is not practical. 1 Client feedback indicated that this technique was the most convincing method they had seen used in the industry, whereas solutions based on traditional engineering methods only were judged to be unreliable or conservative. Mike Emmerton is a management consultant who has been with PB since 2004. Project Brief: Energizing Singapore’s Economy By Kamaljit Gill, Singapore, 65 6533 7333, gillK@pbworld.com PB acted as owner’s engineer to Keppel Energy for its development of the Keppel Merlimau Cogen power plant, a 500 MW combined cycle facility on Jurong Island in southwest Singapore. The plant now supplies power to the Singapore grid, and has provision to feed process steam to chemical plants that are due to be part of the evolving petrochemical industry on the island. Construction began in March 2005. Our management team ensured that everything was in place well ahead of the schedule set by the turnkey contractor, an effort that helped lead to the plant seeing provisional acceptance in April 2007. Related Web Sites: • http://www.keppelenergy.com/ • http://www.ema.gov.sg/ • http://www.pbworld.com/ The project adopted the acid cleaning method, which replaced the usual steam-blow procedure. This resulted not only in a shortened timetable, but in improved qualities of steam and water for commissioning. Our team also helped to meet stringent regulatory requirements. The plant was the first independent power project to comply with Singapore’s Energy Market Authority (EMA) rules following deregulation of the country’s electricity market in 2003. Kamaljit Gill is a senior mechanical engineer who has been with PB since 2005. He was the lead mechanical engineer supervising the installation and construction of GTs, ST, HRSG, piping, tanks and balance of plant equipment on site, including chemical cleaning, steam blowing and performance testing of turnkey systems. He was also reviewing engineering design documents and drawings from contractors, monitoring schedules and quality of execution during site implementation to ensure that the plant complies with contractual requirements. Kamaljit was also a member of the commissioning team, supervising, internal commissioning activities - conducting internal and regulatory testing, reliability runs and performance guarantee testing. 13 PB Network #68 / August 2008
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Transporting Power Across the Grid
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Distributing Power to Users Researc
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Distributing Power to Users The fin
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Distributing Power to Users A Surve
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Distributing Power to Users http://
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Planning and the Role of Regulators
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