Innovation in Global Power - Parsons Brinckerhoff

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TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION: Transporting Power Across the Grid Electricity Transmission: Building on 120 Years of Experience Since 1899, PB has been involved in all aspects of electrical power transmission, ranging from feasibility studies and design of industrial and rail transportation systems to large power utility systems. The scope of the transmission projects we have undertaken recently is vast, and includes: • System studies of power flow, fault level, stability and insulation co-ordination; and implementation of schemes to maximise power transmission levels • Control of system voltage and power flows under normal and faulted situations • Design of overhead lines and substations • Development and implementation of transmission and sub-transmission projects. Some specific projects include the development of the first 500 kV transmission network in Indonesia; expansion and refurbishment of the 400, 275, 132 kV networks in Orissa, India; specification, approval and supervision of the first 500 kV system in Argentina, the Northern Ireland Interconnector 275 kV transmission system; the Merowe Dam Project 500 kV/220 kV transmission and substation in Sudan, the; 500 kV transmission line and substation for the 1200 MW Illijan Power Plant in the Philippines; and the feasibility study for developing an off-shore HVDC network to interconnect renewable energy sources for transmission to UK load centres. The articles in this section illustrate the breadth of the technical knowledge and expertise within PB in creating innovative solutions geared towards the maximisation of existing assets necessary in transmitting power across the grid. PB’s role as a lender engineer is demonstrated in the first article by Fleur Parkinson about a power transmission project in Cambodia. This project enabled PB to draw on one of its strengths: the adoption of a multidisciplinary approach and involvement of engineers across different national boundaries to address the challenges of that project. The second article by M.R. Jayasimha describes the upgrading of the Abu Dhabi transmission network to 400 kV due to increase in load growth. HVDC technology has been used to transport powers over long distances using cables. The next article by Paul Tuson proposes a possible HVDC transmission link so that the power utilities within the South African Development Community countries can take advantage of availability of fuel resources to supply power at minimum cost, improve system reliability and maximise reserve margins. This section concludes with an article by Conor Reynolds illustrating the far-sightedness of some of our specialists who developed an accurate and cost-efficient network assessment programme for transmission networks, but can be equally effective for other applications within the power industry. Please see page 89 for a list of several articles on transmission projects from past PB publications. Arthur Ekwue Principal Power Systems Engineer, Godalming, UK Coordinator of PAN 57, Power System Analysis, Planning & Restructuring PB Network #68 / August 2008 58
Transporting Power Across the Grid http://www.pbworld.com/news_events/publications/network/ Meeting the Need for Reliable, Cheaper and Nonpolluting Electricity in Cambodia By Fleur Parkinson, Hong Kong, 852 2963 7640, parkinsonF@pbworld.com; and Jon Roe, Singapore, 65 6290 0615, roeJ@pbworld.com A major new electricity transmission project in Cambodia helped to lower the cost of electricity significantly and improve its reliability and provision in the northwest portion of the country. The authors summarize PB’s involvement in the project and discuss the challenges faced by the project team, including those related to performing site work under adverse conditions. Figure 1: Route of Cambodia’s new transmission line in northwest region. Cambodia has made considerable progress in reforming its power sector, particularly in passing the Electricity Law in 2001 and establishing a regulator. The country has had one of the lowest electrification rates in Asia, however, with only 12 percent of its population (approximately 14 million) connected to a power supply. In addition, Cambodia has some of the highest electricity costs in the world. The main supplier of electricity is the state-owned Electricite du Cambodge (EDC), which is aided by a few local independent power producers (IPP). Generation is provided mainly by using diesel generators, so already high costs have increased with rising oil prices. While the supply of electricity is fairly reliable in the main towns, its high price has led many large consumers to run their own generators (also diesel). Provincial towns and rural areas rely on even more expensive and less efficient diesel generating units that provide erratic supply. The only power in rural areas and in villages along the transmission lines is generated through the use of car batteries that local entrepreneurs charge by using diesel or petrol generators. The cost of power in these areas is twice that supplied in the towns, and the discarded batteries create a hazardous waste issue. Electricity is the main concern for the development of the private sector as the limited supply of electricity raises production costs and limits technology development compared with neighboring countries. One of the country’s key priorities in the medium term is to alleviate shortages of reliable power and reduce electricity costs in order to help develop its economy and reduce poverty. To this end, a new transmission project was recently completed that imports electricity from Thailand to the northwest region of Cambodia. Transmission Project Overview Power is imported into Cambodia from the 115/22 kV Aranyaphathet substation located in Thailand, 15 km (9 miles) from the Thai/Cambodian border. Power is transmitted to the town of Banteay Meanchey, where the line diverges south and east to supply the towns of Battambang and Siem Reap (Figure 1). The transmission project aimed to meet the urgent need of electrical power in all three regional centers. The need was considered especially great in Siem Reap, however, to support a rapidly growing tourist industry attracted by the Angkor Wat World Heritage Site. Prior to energization of the transmission project, a number of newly constructed hotels in the area relied on in-house generators fuelled by imported diesel. The project, which will be part of the national grid, includes: • Three 115 kV/22 kV substations (at Battambang, Banteay Meanchey and Siem Reap) • One 115 kV switching station • Approximately 221 km (137 miles) of a single-circuit 115 kV transmission line traversing three provinces of northwest Cambodia. The transmission line uses standard self-supporting reinforced-concrete poles 22 m (72 feet) high, allowing 80-m (262-foot) spans. The poles are inserted into precast concrete foundations with double-circuit 400 mm 2 (0.6 square-inch) all aluminum conductor configurations. All line elements follow the standardized Thailand design for 115 kV transmission lines using concrete poles and steel lattice towers. 59 PB Network #68 / August 2008
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