Socio-Economic Impact of HIV and AIDS in Tamil nadu

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Table 7.11 Expenditure incurred by PLWHA for treatment of non-hospitalised illness episodes by source of treatment (in Rupees) Source of treatment Rural Urban Total Male Female Male Female Male Female 1 Government 251 266 674 157 435 228 2 Private 790 458 810 886 799 556 3 Charitable trust/NGO 67 24 75 54 70 30 4 Faith healer/religious person -- -- -- -- -- -- 5. Others 140 25 80 50 134 33 All 440 279 684 284 549 281 There is a gender difference in the average expenditure incurred per illness episode irrespective of the source of treatment minimum amount of expenditure. While the average expenditure per episode has been the least in the case of treatment from NGOs, it has been the highest for treatment from private doctors/clinics. As already seen in Table 7.10, none of the respondents have sought treatment from faith healers/religious persons and hence there is no expenditure shown against it. The expenditure in instances where home remedies have been used is also very small. In the case of the rural sample, the average cost per illness turns out to be much less for women than for men in private health facilities, and in the urban sample, the same thing is noticed with respect to government facilities. In the rural sample where treatment is taken from government facilities and in the urban sample where it is taken from private facilities, it is seen that there is very little difference in the cost per illness episode for men and women – in fact, it is slightly higher for women. In total, however, it is noticed that there is a gender difference in the average expenditure incurred per illness episode irrespective of the source of treatment with cost per treatment being less for female PLWHA than for male PLWHA. 7.3 Details about hospitalisation cases 7.3.1 Frequency of hospitalisation reported by PLWHA All the 478 sample PLWHA were asked details of how frequently they were hospitalised after testing HIV-positive and the number of times of hospitalisation during the year prior to the date of interview. These details are presented in Table 7.12. The percentage reporting hospitalisation since they were tested HIV-positive and the percentage reporting hospitalisation in the last one year is nearly the same for the both female and male samples of the PLWHA. A few important observations are worth mentioning. First, the percentage reporting hospitalisation is much higher for men as compared to women. While more than 65 percent men were hospitalised, both during the time since detection and during the reference one year period; in the case of women this percentage was much lower at 37 percent. Secondly, the percentage of PLWHA who were hospitalised as well as the average number of times they were hospitalised has increased with the advance in the stage of infection. Thirdly, no instance 98 Socio-Economic Impact of HIV and AIDS in Tamil Nadu, India
Table 7.12 Frequency of hospitalisation reported by PLWHA by stage of HIV infection and number of years back HIV was detected Percent reporting hospitalisation Hospitalisation since detected HIV-positive Average number of times Frequently hospitalised (%) Percent reporting hospitalisation Number of times hospitalised in the last one year Average number of times (in Percentages) Frequently hospitalised (%) By sex Male 66.2 2.14 1.7 65.1 1.77 -- Female 37.8 2.37 -- 37.3 1.63 -- By stage of infection Stage 1 24.1 1.75 -- 24.1 1.35 -- Stage 2 41.7 1.93 -- 41.1 1.32 -- Stage 3 64.4 2.11 1.9 62.6 1.66 -- Stage 4 92.7 2.84 1.6 92.7 2.40 -- By no. of years back HIV status detected Upto 1 year 46.7 1.83 -- 46.2 1.67 -- 2-5 years 59.8 2.45 2.0 59.0 1.80 -- > 5 years 50.0 2.24 -- 47.1 1.56 -- All 53.8 2.21 1.2 52.9 1.73 -- of frequent/continuous hospitalisation has been reported during the one year reference period. However, while 1.7 percent of men have reported frequent hospitalisation since the detection of their HIV-positive status, these have been reported in stages three and four of the infection. Finally, this table once again, reiterates the point that the number of years since testing HIV-positive may not be indicative of the stage of infection. There is no trend in the percentage hospitalised according to the number of years since testing positive. 7.3.2 Nature of illness (Hospitalisation cases) As in the case of non-hospitalised illness episodes, in the case of hospitalisation also, fever (20%), loose motion/diarrhoea (34%) and tuberculosis (11.5%) emerge as the common health problems suffered by PLWHA as can be seen from Table 7.13. While calculating the average number of days hospitalised, cases in which the PLWHA were in the hospital at the time of interview have been excluded. The average number of days of being admitted in a hospital at one time is nearly ten days for men and 13 days for women and 11 days on the whole. Among the common diseases, an average of around 11.5 days has been reported for respiratory infections, headache, body ache, jaundice and tuberculosis. 7.3.3 Source of treatment (Hospitalisation) The percentage distribution of the hospitalised cases according to the source of treatment indicates that while nearly 59 percent seek treatment Impact of HIV and AIDS on the Health 99
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Socio-Economic IMPACT of HIV and AI
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© United Nations Development Progr
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Acknowledgements This report would
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CHAPTER 6 Impact of HIV and AIDS on
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Table 5.2 Average per capita per mo
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Table 8.2 Distribution of sample PL
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Executive Summary Introduction AIDS
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The work force participation rate r
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In the HIV households, both the rat
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discrimination. This discrimination
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2 Socio-Economic Impact of HIV and
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Tamil Nadu has been identified as o
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Table 1.3 Source of infection in Ta
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interviewed for the study. A detail
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Household selections were made with
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In o rd e r t o s e l e c t t h e n
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Chapter 3 Profile of Sample Househo
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Table 3.3 Distribution of sample ho
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households use firewood. Liquified
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Table 3.7 Current and the past occu
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Table 4.1 Distribution of sample ho
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income class, it is seen that while
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That the impact of the epidemic is
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Table 4.6 Change in job due to HIV
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Table 4.9 The situation with respec
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Most of the loss in income has been
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Occupational category Table 4.13 Lo
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4.6 Observations The prevalence of
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Page 70 and 71: lesser than that of non-HIV househo
Page 72 and 73: Table 5.3 ...(Contd.) HIV household
Page 74 and 75: Table 5.4 ..... (Contd.) HIV househ
Page 76 and 77: Table 5.5 Distribution of consumpti
Page 78 and 79: Table 5.6 Distribution of consumpti
Page 80 and 81: While the non-HIV households are po
Page 82 and 83: Table 5.7 .... (Contd.) HIV househo
Page 84 and 85: Table 5.8. .... (Contd.) HIV househ
Page 86 and 87: Table 5.10 Distribution of savers a
Page 88 and 89: households is, however, the highest
Page 90 and 91: growth of CPI in 2004-05 over 1999-
Page 92 and 93: the expenditure of households that
Page 94 and 95: While the burden of illness is bein
Page 96 and 97: 76 Socio-Economic Impact of HIV and
Page 98 and 99: impact is measured not only by aski
Page 100 and 101: Annual household income (Rs) Age 6-
Page 102 and 103: The percentage of girls from HIV ho
Page 104 and 105: In both HIV and non-HIV households,
Page 107 and 108: Impact of HIV and AIDS on Health
Page 109 and 110: Chapter 7 Impact of HIV and AIDS on
Page 111 and 112: 7.1.2 Prevalence rates of illnesses
Page 113 and 114: 7.2 Details about nonhospitalised i
Page 115 and 116: Again, it is seen that fever remain
Page 117: Table 7.9 Distribution of non-hospi
Page 121 and 122: It is seen that both in rural and u
Page 123 and 124: Table 7.18 Distribution of hospital
Page 125 and 126: Stigma and Discrimination, Knowledg
Page 127 and 128: Chapter 8 Stigma and Discrimination
Page 129 and 130: 8.3 Reaction to HIV status 8.3.1 In
Page 131 and 132: from counsellors helped them to com
Page 133 and 134: provide supportive environment for
Page 135 and 136: minimal risk of contracting the inf
Page 137 and 138: Table 8.10 Distribution of responde
Page 139 and 140: Table 8.12 Distribution of responde
Page 141 and 142: to mingle with children belonging t
Page 143 and 144: Conclusion and Policy Implications
Page 145 and 146: Chapter 9 Conclusion and Policy Imp
Page 147 and 148: also reluctant to divulge their sta
Page 149 and 150: Annexures Conclusion and Policy Imp
Page 151 and 152: Annexures Annexure I Summary of foc
Page 153 and 154: Discrimination at workplace Many of
Page 155 and 156: that now. One of the participants w
Page 157 and 158: Annexure II Box 1 Case study 1: Tam
Page 159 and 160: Box 2 Case Study 2: From riches to
Page 161: United Nations Development Programm
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Socio-Economic Impact of HIV and AIDS in Tamil nadu

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