Socio-Economic Impact of HIV and AIDS in Tamil nadu

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In cases where the family is not supportive but the spouse is, it is noticed that more women are supportive of their HIV-positive husbands (14.5%) than men of their HIV-positive wives 13 percent had initially decided to keep their HIV status as a secret on account of perceived discrimination or rejection. As far as the initial reaction of the spouse/family members is concerned, it is seen that quite a large percentage were shocked and disappointed. However, in about 43 percent of the cases they were supportive and here no gender divide is noticed. Surprisingly, in a larger percentage of cases the family/spouse sympathised with the female PLWHA (21.5%) rather than the male PLWHA (9.3%). Again, surprisingly, in 4.1 percent cases male PLWHA were deserted by their spouses while in the case of female PLWHA this figure was lower at 2.9 percent. However, 7.7 percent of female PLWHA were disowned by their family in comparison with 1.5 percent male PLWHA who were subjected to this treatment. 8.3.2 Current attitude of spouse/family members The current attitude of the family members is quite encouraging, as 80 percent of the male and 74 percent of the female PLWHA have reported that their families are quite supportive in spite of there being a slight hesitation for a few in the beginning. This speaks for the strong family ties in India. However, here again, there is a gender gap in the percentage receiving support from the family, although there is no rural/urban divide. Also, in cases where the family is not supportive but the spouse is, it is noticed that more women are supportive of their HIV-positive husbands (14.5%) than men of their HIV-positive wives (8.1%). Again, the percentage reporting problems like “deprived of using basic amenities” and being asked to leave the home etc, is more in the case of women than for men and this gender difference is more marked in urban areas. For both men and women, the contexts and forms of HIV and AIDS related discrimination and stigmatisation would appear to be similar but it is the context of ‘relationship’ that sets apart the experience of women from that of men. Discrimination like neglect, isolation, verbal teasing was reported by a higher percentage of women in both urban and rural areas. In the FGD that was conducted at Cambam in the Theni district, there were participants who had been treated well by their families as well as those who had faced discrimination. One of the participants informed the group that his mother, brothers and sisters were taking extra care of him since they felt that he was not going to live for long. However, in case of a woman participant her brother’s family supported her after she became a widow but they asked her to keep her bed and vessels separately and were always scared of catching the infection from her to the extent that they would not even allow her to kiss her daughter who was HIV-negative. The majority of the participants in the FGD did not complain of discrimination within the family. 8.3.3 Coping with the situation As seen earlier, when their HIV-positive status was detected, most of the people were initially shocked, embarrassed or could not believe it. The survey tried to find out from the PLWHA how they managed to cope with the situation and how they got over the initial shock. Table 9.3 presents the percentage distribution of the PLWHA with reference to various types of coping mechanisms adopted by them and the nature of moral support received by them from various people. Around 48 percent of the HIV-positive men and 44 percent of the women reported that the counselling received 110 Socio-Economic Impact of HIV and AIDS in Tamil Nadu, India
from counsellors helped them to come to terms with the situation. Table 8.3 Distribution of PLWHA by coping mechanism adopted to get over initial shock/disbelief etc (in Percentages) Characteristics Male Female Counselling 47.6 43.5 Confidently 3.7 6.2 Family support 13.4 10.1 Friend support 0.4 1 Became alcoholic -- -- Decided to keep HIV -- -- status secret Help others 0.4 -- NGO support 1.6 -- Wanted to know how 33.1 39.2 to live with HIV status Total 100 100 A higher percentage of women (6.2%) as compared to men (3.7%) decided to face the situation boldly. Some of them did receive moral and emotional support from their family and friends and also from NGOs. It is interesting to note that after testing positive, nearly 35 percent of the respondents wanted to know more about the infection and the ways and means of leading a quality life in spite of their HIV status. 8.4 Disclosure of HIV status Whether an individual who is infected by HIV would disclose his/her status to others would depend upon the kind of reaction that the individual expects from them. As seen in the table, around 13 percent of the PLWHA’s initial reaction, i.e. as soon as they were tested positive, was not to disclose their status to anyone. It is seen from Table 8.4 that while 88 percent of women in the sample informed their spouses immediately, the percentage of men who did the same is lower at 69.3 percent. But of those who have not informed their spouses even after one year, the percentage sample of women is slightly higher at 5.2 percent as against 3.5 percent for the men. This could probably be because if the woman is HIV-positive without her husband being the same, her perception would probably be that her husband/family would not support her or keep her. Hence, this refusal to make Table 8.4 Distribution of PLWHA by disclosure of status (in Percentages) Characteristics Rural Urban Total Male Female Male Female Male Female Percentage who initially decided to keep 14.1 10.3 17.9 9.6 16 10 HIV status a secret Percentage who informed their spouse Immediately 75.2 91.9 63.2 83.6 69.3 88.3 Within six months 11.2 3.5 24.6 8.9 17.7 5.8 Within one year 6.8 1.1 7.9 -- 7.4 0.7 After one year 3.4 -- 0.8 -- 2.1 -- Not informed their spouse 3.4 3.5 3.5 7.5 3.5 5.2 Not disclosed to anyone in the community 65.9 50 75.4 65.1 70.6 56 N (Number of persons) 135 126 134 83 269 209 *Multiple Responses Stigma and Discrimination 111
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Socio-Economic IMPACT of HIV and AI
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© United Nations Development Progr
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Acknowledgements This report would
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CHAPTER 6 Impact of HIV and AIDS on
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Table 5.2 Average per capita per mo
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Table 8.2 Distribution of sample PL
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Executive Summary Introduction AIDS
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The work force participation rate r
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In the HIV households, both the rat
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discrimination. This discrimination
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2 Socio-Economic Impact of HIV and
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Tamil Nadu has been identified as o
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Table 1.3 Source of infection in Ta
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interviewed for the study. A detail
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Household selections were made with
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In o rd e r t o s e l e c t t h e n
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Chapter 3 Profile of Sample Househo
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Table 3.3 Distribution of sample ho
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households use firewood. Liquified
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Table 3.7 Current and the past occu
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Table 4.1 Distribution of sample ho
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income class, it is seen that while
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That the impact of the epidemic is
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Table 4.6 Change in job due to HIV
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Table 4.9 The situation with respec
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Most of the loss in income has been
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Occupational category Table 4.13 Lo
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4.6 Observations The prevalence of
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lesser than that of non-HIV househo
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Table 5.3 ...(Contd.) HIV household
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Table 5.4 ..... (Contd.) HIV househ
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Table 5.5 Distribution of consumpti
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Table 5.6 Distribution of consumpti
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Page 82 and 83: Table 5.7 .... (Contd.) HIV househo
Page 84 and 85: Table 5.8. .... (Contd.) HIV househ
Page 86 and 87: Table 5.10 Distribution of savers a
Page 88 and 89: households is, however, the highest
Page 90 and 91: growth of CPI in 2004-05 over 1999-
Page 92 and 93: the expenditure of households that
Page 94 and 95: While the burden of illness is bein
Page 96 and 97: 76 Socio-Economic Impact of HIV and
Page 98 and 99: impact is measured not only by aski
Page 100 and 101: Annual household income (Rs) Age 6-
Page 102 and 103: The percentage of girls from HIV ho
Page 104 and 105: In both HIV and non-HIV households,
Page 107 and 108: Impact of HIV and AIDS on Health
Page 109 and 110: Chapter 7 Impact of HIV and AIDS on
Page 111 and 112: 7.1.2 Prevalence rates of illnesses
Page 113 and 114: 7.2 Details about nonhospitalised i
Page 115 and 116: Again, it is seen that fever remain
Page 117 and 118: Table 7.9 Distribution of non-hospi
Page 119 and 120: Table 7.12 Frequency of hospitalisa
Page 121 and 122: It is seen that both in rural and u
Page 123 and 124: Table 7.18 Distribution of hospital
Page 125 and 126: Stigma and Discrimination, Knowledg
Page 127 and 128: Chapter 8 Stigma and Discrimination
Page 129: 8.3 Reaction to HIV status 8.3.1 In
Page 133 and 134: provide supportive environment for
Page 135 and 136: minimal risk of contracting the inf
Page 137 and 138: Table 8.10 Distribution of responde
Page 139 and 140: Table 8.12 Distribution of responde
Page 141 and 142: to mingle with children belonging t
Page 143 and 144: Conclusion and Policy Implications
Page 145 and 146: Chapter 9 Conclusion and Policy Imp
Page 147 and 148: also reluctant to divulge their sta
Page 149 and 150: Annexures Conclusion and Policy Imp
Page 151 and 152: Annexures Annexure I Summary of foc
Page 153 and 154: Discrimination at workplace Many of
Page 155 and 156: that now. One of the participants w
Page 157 and 158: Annexure II Box 1 Case study 1: Tam
Page 159 and 160: Box 2 Case Study 2: From riches to
Page 161: United Nations Development Programm
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Socio-Economic Impact of HIV and AIDS in Tamil nadu

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