Socio-Economic Impact of HIV and AIDS in Tamil nadu

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Irrespective of the income level, all the households had borrowed to meet the hospitalisation expenses for the patients and lodging, food and travel costs for the caregivers. At times, the households may have to pay tips/ bribes to the hospital staff to get better care and attention. Table 7.16 shows the average amount spent by the household per hospitalisation case according to the source of treatment. T h e a v e r a g e e x p e n d i t u r e p e r hospitalisation is Rs. 1,674 for men, Rs. 1,477 for women and Rs. 1,616 on the whole. While the expenditure per episode is higher for men in the case of government facilities and NGOs, it is higher for women in private health facilities. The average expenditure per hospitalisation is the highest for private hospitals/nursing homes and the lowest for treatment from NGOs/charitable trusts. Although the expenditure per episode in government hospitals is only Rs. 796, it could still be a big burden on the households which belong to the lowest economic strata. The difference in expenditure per episode between hospitalisation in private and government hospitals clearly indicates why a higher percentage of PLWHA go to government hospitals for treatment. T h e e x p e n d i t u r e i n c u r r e d p e r hospitalisation case analysed on the basis of the annual household income shows that generally the average expenditure per hospitalisation case increases with an increased annual income. Analysed source-wise, it has shown extremely surprising results. It is seen that as the income increases, the expenditure on government hospitals also increases. This is not the case when the hospitalisation is either in a private hospital or a charitable trust. The average expenditure in the lowest income group considering all sources is Rs. 1,055, and is Rs. 517 for government hospitals. The survey also tried to find out how the HIV affected households bear the burden of illness and expenditure. 7.3.5 Source of financing hospitalisation Tables 7.18 and 7.19 examine the sources of financing of hospitalisation cases based on annual household income ( Table 7.18) and stage of infection (Table 7.19). On the whole, the households could manage the expenses with their past Table 7.17 Expenditure incurred per hospitalisation case by PLWHA by source of treatment and annual household income groups (in Rupees) Source of treatment Annual household income (Rs.) Upto 20,000 20,001- 30,000 30,001- 41,000 41,001- 84,000 Above 84,000 Total 1 Government (codes1&2)* 517 795 775 1287 2137 813 2 Private (codes3) 3,998 2,881 4,870 4,122 5,882 4,119 3 Charitable trust/NGO (codes5) 86 771 742 557 363 363 4 Faith healer/religious person (codes 7) -- -- -- -- -- -- 5 Others 600 -- -- -- -- 600 Total 1,055 1,365 1,605 2,160 5,258 1,626 102 Socio-Economic Impact of HIV and AIDS in Tamil Nadu, India
Table 7.18 Distribution of hospitalisation cases by source of financing hospitalisation and annual household income groups (in Percentages) Source of financing Annual household income Upto 20,000 20,001- 30,000 30,001- 41,000 41,001- 84,000 Above 84,000 Total Past savings 19.2 22.5 7.7 19.2 25.0 18.4 Liquidation of assets 12.8 15.0 26.9 23.1 -- 16.7 Borrow from money lender/ other financial institution 32.1 15.0 34.6 23.1 25.0 27.0 Loan from employer -- 5.0 -- -- 25.0 1.7 Borrow from friends and relatives 19.2 30.0 30.8 19.2 25.0 23.6 NGO support 16.7 12.5 -- 15.4 -- 12.6 Others -- -- -- -- -- -- Total 100 100 100 100 100 100 Table 7.19 Distribution of hospitalisation cases by source of financing hospitalisation and stage of infection (in Percentages) Source of financing Stage 1 Stage 2 Stage 3 Stage 4 All Past savings -- 30.0 16.0 17.7 18.4 Liquidation of assets 42.9 23.3 12.0 16.1 16.7 Borrow from money lender/ other financial institution 57.1 20.0 28.0 25.8 27.0 Loan from employer -- -- 2.7 1.6 1.7 Borrow from friends and relatives -- 23.3 30.7 17.7 23.6 NGO support -- 3.3 10.7 21.0 12.6 Others -- -- -- -- -- Total 100 100 100 100 100 savings only for 18 percent of the hospitalisation cases. Except the highest income households, all the others had resorted to liquidation of assets to finance hospitalisation. Irrespective of the income level, all the households had borrowed to meet the hospitalisation expenses. Although the source of financing hospitalisation with reference to the stage of infection does not show any clear trend, except that at stage 4, the households seem to rely on all the sources to finance the hospitalisation expenses. The dependence on NGOs also increases with the increase in the stage of infection Impact of HIV and AIDS on the Health 103
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Socio-Economic IMPACT of HIV and AI
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© United Nations Development Progr
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Acknowledgements This report would
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CHAPTER 6 Impact of HIV and AIDS on
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Table 5.2 Average per capita per mo
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Table 8.2 Distribution of sample PL
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Executive Summary Introduction AIDS
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The work force participation rate r
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In the HIV households, both the rat
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discrimination. This discrimination
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2 Socio-Economic Impact of HIV and
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Tamil Nadu has been identified as o
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Table 1.3 Source of infection in Ta
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interviewed for the study. A detail
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Household selections were made with
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In o rd e r t o s e l e c t t h e n
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Chapter 3 Profile of Sample Househo
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Table 3.3 Distribution of sample ho
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households use firewood. Liquified
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Table 3.7 Current and the past occu
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Table 4.1 Distribution of sample ho
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income class, it is seen that while
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That the impact of the epidemic is
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Table 4.6 Change in job due to HIV
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Table 4.9 The situation with respec
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Most of the loss in income has been
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Occupational category Table 4.13 Lo
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4.6 Observations The prevalence of
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lesser than that of non-HIV househo
Page 72 and 73: Table 5.3 ...(Contd.) HIV household
Page 74 and 75: Table 5.4 ..... (Contd.) HIV househ
Page 76 and 77: Table 5.5 Distribution of consumpti
Page 78 and 79: Table 5.6 Distribution of consumpti
Page 80 and 81: While the non-HIV households are po
Page 82 and 83: Table 5.7 .... (Contd.) HIV househo
Page 84 and 85: Table 5.8. .... (Contd.) HIV househ
Page 86 and 87: Table 5.10 Distribution of savers a
Page 88 and 89: households is, however, the highest
Page 90 and 91: growth of CPI in 2004-05 over 1999-
Page 92 and 93: the expenditure of households that
Page 94 and 95: While the burden of illness is bein
Page 96 and 97: 76 Socio-Economic Impact of HIV and
Page 98 and 99: impact is measured not only by aski
Page 100 and 101: Annual household income (Rs) Age 6-
Page 102 and 103: The percentage of girls from HIV ho
Page 104 and 105: In both HIV and non-HIV households,
Page 107 and 108: Impact of HIV and AIDS on Health
Page 109 and 110: Chapter 7 Impact of HIV and AIDS on
Page 111 and 112: 7.1.2 Prevalence rates of illnesses
Page 113 and 114: 7.2 Details about nonhospitalised i
Page 115 and 116: Again, it is seen that fever remain
Page 117 and 118: Table 7.9 Distribution of non-hospi
Page 119 and 120: Table 7.12 Frequency of hospitalisa
Page 121: It is seen that both in rural and u
Page 125 and 126: Stigma and Discrimination, Knowledg
Page 127 and 128: Chapter 8 Stigma and Discrimination
Page 129 and 130: 8.3 Reaction to HIV status 8.3.1 In
Page 131 and 132: from counsellors helped them to com
Page 133 and 134: provide supportive environment for
Page 135 and 136: minimal risk of contracting the inf
Page 137 and 138: Table 8.10 Distribution of responde
Page 139 and 140: Table 8.12 Distribution of responde
Page 141 and 142: to mingle with children belonging t
Page 143 and 144: Conclusion and Policy Implications
Page 145 and 146: Chapter 9 Conclusion and Policy Imp
Page 147 and 148: also reluctant to divulge their sta
Page 149 and 150: Annexures Conclusion and Policy Imp
Page 151 and 152: Annexures Annexure I Summary of foc
Page 153 and 154: Discrimination at workplace Many of
Page 155 and 156: that now. One of the participants w
Page 157 and 158: Annexure II Box 1 Case study 1: Tam
Page 159 and 160: Box 2 Case Study 2: From riches to
Page 161: United Nations Development Programm
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Socio-Economic Impact of HIV and AIDS in Tamil nadu

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