Socio-Economic Impact of HIV and AIDS in Tamil nadu

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Discrimination forces people to hide their status and may well lead to further spread of infection but the fact that it is happening at the hands of doctors and other health officials is very discouraging facilities, more than three-fourths have had bad experiences at government healthcare facilities. This was confirmed by the participants of the FGD. The general view was that although there is a government hospital (maybe a PHC) near Kandamkoil, the personnel were afraid of treating these PLWHA. A lady participant mentioned that although her husband was vomiting continuously and was taken to the hospital, he was refused treatment and had to be taken to the district hospital at night. Another young woman, presently a widow, narrated her experience during her child’s birth in 2000. She and her husband had been diagnosed as HIV-positive when she was five months pregnant. When the doctor at the nursing home came to know of this, he refused to take up her case. As a result, she went to a government hospital for delivery but because of her previous bitter experience did not disclose her status. A similar incident was recounted by another woman where her fatherin-law’s status was not disclosed while seeking treatment for his heart attack as they feared that treatment would have been refused if his HIV-positive status was known. Discrimination forces people to hide their status and may well lead to further spread of infection but the fact that it is happening at the hands of doctors and other health officials is very discouraging. The fact that only 22 percent of men and 17 percent of women among those reporting discrimination, had mentioned that they were discriminated against at private health facilities, may give an impression that there is less discrimination in the private set up. But it has already been seen in the chapter on profile that the economic background of the PLWHA is very bad. Hence one can reasonably assume that only a small proportion of the PLWHA are likely to go to private health facilities. Of those PLWHA who had reported discrimination, about 37 percent were either refused medical treatment or were referred to another health facility; nearly 40 percent felt that they were neglected and isolated or abused at the health facilities and about 4 percent complained that they were denied admission in a hospital. It is heartening to note that 38 percent of men and 35 percent of women did not face any discriminatory or hostile behaviour from other patients who were being treated along with them. However, in some cases their HIV status was not known to other patients, hence the question of discriminatory treatment does not arise. About 25 percent of PLWHA complained that they were isolated and neglected by other patients. In some of the cases, HIV-negative patients refused to get treatment along with PLWHA. 8.7 Knowledge and awareness about HIV and AIDS and attitude towards PLWHA Stigma, negative responses and attitude towards PLWHA are generally the result of lack of knowledge about HIV and AIDS and in particular about the routes of transmission. Hence in this study, through a survey of non-HIV households, an attempt was made to find out about the general level of knowledge and awareness about HIV and AIDS. Both men and women in the age group of 20 to 60 years were asked a series of questions to judge their knowledge about the infection, and also to know their attitude towards PLWHA. In all, 1,203 persons – 559 men and 643 women – were interviewed in 116 Socio-Economic Impact of HIV and AIDS in Tamil Nadu, India
Table 8.10 Distribution of respondents according to their knowledge and awareness about HIV and AIDS (in Percentages) Characteristics Rural Urban Total Male Female Male Female Male Female People reporting ever heard about HIV and AIDS Source of information* 99 97.1 100 99.3 99.5 98.1 Radio 33.3 34.3 25.5 25.9 29.8 30.2 TV 36.8 37.2 38.5 40.5 37.5 38.8 Cinema hall 2 0.9 2.8 5 2.3 2.9 Newspapers/books/magazines 11 5.9 9.5 6 10.3 5.9 Posters/hoarding/drama/puppet show 5.4 3.2 6.3 5.8 5.8 4.5 School/workplace 3.1 0.9 3.6 1.7 3.3 1.3 Doctor/health workers 2.6 4.6 3.6 5.6 3.1 5.1 Relatives/friends 5.9 11.6 9.9 9.4 7.7 10.6 Others -- 1.2 0.2 0.2 0.1 0.7 People who think HIV and AIDS can be 74.3 60.5 66.9 40.5 71 51 prevented People who know where to go for 47.6 31.9 56.8 36.5 51.7 34.1 voluntary testing for HIV and AIDS People willing to go for testing for HIV 47.6 31.9 56.8 36.5 51.7 34.1 and AIDS People who know someone suffering 37.9 26.2 23.8 19.4 31.7 23 from HIV and AIDS People who know anyone who died of AIDS 43.4 40.4 26.6 22.7 36 32 *Multiple Responses Tamil Nadu. The results of this survey show interesting facts. Almost everyone in the sample seems to have heard about HIV and AIDS and the media, especially, radio and television seem to have played a role in creating this awareness. While about 38 percent have come to know about the infection through various television channels, around 30 percent have become aware of it through programmes or announcements on the radio. This is not surprising considering that a very high proportion of sample men and women are in the habit of watching television and listening to the radio quite regularly (Table 8.11). Interestingly, for about 8 percent men and 11 percent women, the source of information has turned out to be friends/relatives. Although everyone has heard about HIV and AIDS, not all of the respondents seem to have knowledge about other details like whether HIV and AIDS transmission could be prevented and where to go for voluntary testing etc. Only about 50 percent of the women and 70 percent of the men knew that HIV and AIDS could be prevented, less than one-third of the women and 50 percent of men knew where to go for voluntary testing. Men appear to be more knowledgeable about information related to HIV and AIDS. Stigma and Discrimination 117
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Socio-Economic IMPACT of HIV and AI
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© United Nations Development Progr
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Acknowledgements This report would
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CHAPTER 6 Impact of HIV and AIDS on
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Table 5.2 Average per capita per mo
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Table 8.2 Distribution of sample PL
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Executive Summary Introduction AIDS
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The work force participation rate r
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In the HIV households, both the rat
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discrimination. This discrimination
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2 Socio-Economic Impact of HIV and
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Tamil Nadu has been identified as o
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Table 1.3 Source of infection in Ta
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interviewed for the study. A detail
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Household selections were made with
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In o rd e r t o s e l e c t t h e n
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Chapter 3 Profile of Sample Househo
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Table 3.3 Distribution of sample ho
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households use firewood. Liquified
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Table 3.7 Current and the past occu
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Table 4.1 Distribution of sample ho
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income class, it is seen that while
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That the impact of the epidemic is
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Table 4.6 Change in job due to HIV
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Table 4.9 The situation with respec
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Most of the loss in income has been
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Occupational category Table 4.13 Lo
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4.6 Observations The prevalence of
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lesser than that of non-HIV househo
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Table 5.3 ...(Contd.) HIV household
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Table 5.4 ..... (Contd.) HIV househ
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Table 5.5 Distribution of consumpti
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Table 5.6 Distribution of consumpti
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While the non-HIV households are po
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Table 5.7 .... (Contd.) HIV househo
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Table 5.8. .... (Contd.) HIV househ
Page 86 and 87: Table 5.10 Distribution of savers a
Page 88 and 89: households is, however, the highest
Page 90 and 91: growth of CPI in 2004-05 over 1999-
Page 92 and 93: the expenditure of households that
Page 94 and 95: While the burden of illness is bein
Page 96 and 97: 76 Socio-Economic Impact of HIV and
Page 98 and 99: impact is measured not only by aski
Page 100 and 101: Annual household income (Rs) Age 6-
Page 102 and 103: The percentage of girls from HIV ho
Page 104 and 105: In both HIV and non-HIV households,
Page 107 and 108: Impact of HIV and AIDS on Health
Page 109 and 110: Chapter 7 Impact of HIV and AIDS on
Page 111 and 112: 7.1.2 Prevalence rates of illnesses
Page 113 and 114: 7.2 Details about nonhospitalised i
Page 115 and 116: Again, it is seen that fever remain
Page 117 and 118: Table 7.9 Distribution of non-hospi
Page 119 and 120: Table 7.12 Frequency of hospitalisa
Page 121 and 122: It is seen that both in rural and u
Page 123 and 124: Table 7.18 Distribution of hospital
Page 125 and 126: Stigma and Discrimination, Knowledg
Page 127 and 128: Chapter 8 Stigma and Discrimination
Page 129 and 130: 8.3 Reaction to HIV status 8.3.1 In
Page 131 and 132: from counsellors helped them to com
Page 133 and 134: provide supportive environment for
Page 135: minimal risk of contracting the inf
Page 139 and 140: Table 8.12 Distribution of responde
Page 141 and 142: to mingle with children belonging t
Page 143 and 144: Conclusion and Policy Implications
Page 145 and 146: Chapter 9 Conclusion and Policy Imp
Page 147 and 148: also reluctant to divulge their sta
Page 149 and 150: Annexures Conclusion and Policy Imp
Page 151 and 152: Annexures Annexure I Summary of foc
Page 153 and 154: Discrimination at workplace Many of
Page 155 and 156: that now. One of the participants w
Page 157 and 158: Annexure II Box 1 Case study 1: Tam
Page 159 and 160: Box 2 Case Study 2: From riches to
Page 161: United Nations Development Programm
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