Socio-Economic Impact of HIV and AIDS in Tamil nadu

More documents

Recommendations

Info

Around 20 percent of the households had changed their place of residence after one of their household members was detected HIVpositive a disclosure could be for the security of her future life. The fact that so many of the respondents informed their spouses immediately after the diagnosis is an encouraging sign since this would reduce the chances of their transmitting the infection to their spouses. A high percentage of the sample, nearly 71 percent of men and 56 percent of women have not disclosed their HIV-positive status in the community, fearing, in all probability, the stigma and discrimination they will fall victim to. 8.5 Migration The survey tried to find out whether the households changed their place of residence after one of their household members was detected HIV-positive. It is clear from Table 8.5 that around 20 percent of the households had changed their place of residence. Of the total number of households that had changed the place of residence, more than 40 percent of them had shifted within the same village/city. It is interesting to observe that the percentage of households moving from rural to urban and urban to rural is similar. Inter-state migration has been very marginal. Nearly 12 percent of the households had to change their place of residence since they were asked to vacate the house by the owner because of the HIV status of one of the family members, and around 15 percent shifted their residence, as they did not want their status to be known to others. While 12 percent have changed their residence because they could no longer afford the earlier one, 3.7 percent had to move away as they had lost property, indicating the financial burden the illness and its treatment brings on the household. About 10 percent had Table 8.5 Distribution of PLWHA reporting change of residence and reasons to migrate in order to seek medical treatment. 8.6 Stigma and discrimination faced by PLWHA (in Percentages) Characteristics Percentage of household 19.8 reporting changing of residence after deducting HIV Type of movement Within the same city/village 42 From city to village 8.6 From village to city 11.1 From one city to another city 22.2 From one village to another 14.8 village One state to another state 1.2 Reasons for changing the residence* Search of employment 18.5 Could not afford earlier place of 12.3 residence To seek medical treatment 9.9 Loss property 3.7 Reasons of anonymity 14.8 Asked to vacate the house 12.3 because of HIV status Others 28.4 *Multiple Responses Stigma and discrimination faced by the PLWHA at different settings, namely family, community, workplace and the healthcare facilities are presented in this section. 8.6.1 Discrimination in family & community In most developing countries, the families and communities generally 112 Socio-Economic Impact of HIV and AIDS in Tamil Nadu, India
provide supportive environment for illness management and treatment (Bharat, 1996). However, the same study found that although majority of those who disclosed their HIV status to their families received care and support, it was generally men rather than women who qualified for such care. Gender seems to be a strong determinant of the type of response one receives from the family: daughters, wives and daughters-in-law experience higher levels of discrimination than men (Bharat et al 2001). The community’s perception about the epidemic also influences the family’s responses to the infected individual. If the family expects isolation and ostracism from the community, then the family may not include the HIV-positive individual in the family. Table 8.6 presents stigma and discrimination faced by PLWHA in the community and neighbourhood. It is seen in Table 8.4 that many of the PLWHA have not disclosed their status in the community. Of those who have disclosed their status, about 10 percent have reported discrimination in the form of neglect, abuse, social boycott of family and children. Other studies also give the evidence of reactions like ostracism, differential treatment at death, and discrimination in schools towards children of infected parents (Bharat et al 2001; ILO 2003). The presence of an HIV-positive individual does seem to affect the marriage and job prospects of other family members to some extent. Here again, there is a difference in the attitude of society towards men and women. While only 0.4 percent of HIV-positive men reported that their HIV status was affecting the marriage prospects of their siblings, 2.4 percent of positive women reported this problem. Similarly, a small percentage of PLWHA complained that their HIV status was Table 8.6 Stigma and discrimination faced by PLWHA in the community/ neighbourhood by sex Characteristics Percentage reporting that they are treated differently or badly Type of discrimination faced by those reporting stigma/discrimination* Total Male Female 10 10.5 Neglected, isolated 35.2 34.2 Verbally abused, teased 16.7 9.8 Children not allowed to 20.4 14.6 play with other children/ anganwadi centre Socially boycotted or 16.7 22 debarred from public amenities Refused house for 1.8 4.9 renting Others 9.3 14.6 Percentage of PLWHA 0.4 2.4 whose siblings’ marriage prospect was affected Percentage of PLWHA whose family members’ job prospects was affected 0.7 2.4 *Multiple Responses affecting the job prospects of other family members and this percentage reporting discrimination is surprisingly higher for women. 8.6.2 Discrimination at workplace Every person has a right to gainful employment and the right to earn a living. However, for a number of HIV infected persons, getting gainful employment could become a problem due to stigma and discrimination against such persons. In a workplace, stigma and discrimination against PLWHA can manifest itself through discriminatory Stigma and Discrimination 113
Page 1:
Socio-Economic IMPACT of HIV and AI
Page 4 and 5:
© United Nations Development Progr
Page 6 and 7:
Acknowledgements This report would
Page 8 and 9:
CHAPTER 6 Impact of HIV and AIDS on
Page 10 and 11:
Table 5.2 Average per capita per mo
Page 12 and 13:
Table 8.2 Distribution of sample PL
Page 14 and 15:
Executive Summary Introduction AIDS
Page 16 and 17:
The work force participation rate r
Page 18 and 19:
In the HIV households, both the rat
Page 20 and 21:
discrimination. This discrimination
Page 22 and 23:
2 Socio-Economic Impact of HIV and
Page 24 and 25:
Tamil Nadu has been identified as o
Page 26 and 27:
Table 1.3 Source of infection in Ta
Page 28 and 29:
interviewed for the study. A detail
Page 30 and 31:
Page 32 and 33:
Page 34 and 35:
Household selections were made with
Page 36 and 37:
In o rd e r t o s e l e c t t h e n
Page 38 and 39:
Page 41 and 42:
Chapter 3 Profile of Sample Househo
Page 43 and 44:
Table 3.3 Distribution of sample ho
Page 45 and 46:
households use firewood. Liquified
Page 47:
Table 3.7 Current and the past occu
Page 50 and 51:
Page 52 and 53:
Table 4.1 Distribution of sample ho
Page 54 and 55:
income class, it is seen that while
Page 56 and 57:
That the impact of the epidemic is
Page 58 and 59:
Table 4.6 Change in job due to HIV
Page 60 and 61:
Table 4.9 The situation with respec
Page 62 and 63:
Most of the loss in income has been
Page 64 and 65:
Occupational category Table 4.13 Lo
Page 66 and 67:
4.6 Observations The prevalence of
Page 68 and 69:
Page 70 and 71:
lesser than that of non-HIV househo
Page 72 and 73:
Table 5.3 ...(Contd.) HIV household
Page 74 and 75:
Table 5.4 ..... (Contd.) HIV househ
Page 76 and 77:
Table 5.5 Distribution of consumpti
Page 78 and 79:
Table 5.6 Distribution of consumpti
Page 80 and 81:
While the non-HIV households are po
Page 82 and 83: Table 5.7 .... (Contd.) HIV househo
Page 84 and 85: Table 5.8. .... (Contd.) HIV househ
Page 86 and 87: Table 5.10 Distribution of savers a
Page 88 and 89: households is, however, the highest
Page 90 and 91: growth of CPI in 2004-05 over 1999-
Page 92 and 93: the expenditure of households that
Page 94 and 95: While the burden of illness is bein
Page 96 and 97: 76 Socio-Economic Impact of HIV and
Page 98 and 99: impact is measured not only by aski
Page 100 and 101: Annual household income (Rs) Age 6-
Page 102 and 103: The percentage of girls from HIV ho
Page 104 and 105: In both HIV and non-HIV households,
Page 107 and 108: Impact of HIV and AIDS on Health
Page 109 and 110: Chapter 7 Impact of HIV and AIDS on
Page 111 and 112: 7.1.2 Prevalence rates of illnesses
Page 113 and 114: 7.2 Details about nonhospitalised i
Page 115 and 116: Again, it is seen that fever remain
Page 117 and 118: Table 7.9 Distribution of non-hospi
Page 119 and 120: Table 7.12 Frequency of hospitalisa
Page 121 and 122: It is seen that both in rural and u
Page 123 and 124: Table 7.18 Distribution of hospital
Page 125 and 126: Stigma and Discrimination, Knowledg
Page 127 and 128: Chapter 8 Stigma and Discrimination
Page 129 and 130: 8.3 Reaction to HIV status 8.3.1 In
Page 131: from counsellors helped them to com
Page 135 and 136: minimal risk of contracting the inf
Page 137 and 138: Table 8.10 Distribution of responde
Page 139 and 140: Table 8.12 Distribution of responde
Page 141 and 142: to mingle with children belonging t
Page 143 and 144: Conclusion and Policy Implications
Page 145 and 146: Chapter 9 Conclusion and Policy Imp
Page 147 and 148: also reluctant to divulge their sta
Page 149 and 150: Annexures Conclusion and Policy Imp
Page 151 and 152: Annexures Annexure I Summary of foc
Page 153 and 154: Discrimination at workplace Many of
Page 155 and 156: that now. One of the participants w
Page 157 and 158: Annexure II Box 1 Case study 1: Tam
Page 159 and 160: Box 2 Case Study 2: From riches to
Page 161: United Nations Development Programm
show all

Socio-Economic Impact of HIV and AIDS in Tamil nadu

Create successful ePaper yourself

Delete template?

Save as template?