Socio-Economic Impact of HIV and AIDS in Tamil nadu

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Occupational category Table 4.13 Loss of income of caregiver if currently working by occupational groups No. HHs Average income lost due to leave/ absence from work (in Rs) Rural Urban Total Income lost as a percentage of current household income No. HHs Average income lost due to leave/ absence from work (in Rs) Income lost as a percentage of current household income No. HHDS Average income lost due to leave/ absence from work (in Rs) Income lost as a percentage of current household income Cultivation 0 0 0.00 0. 0 0 0 0 0 Agriculture 20 1,513 8.28 5 7,924 36.41 25 2,795 14.74 wage labour Nonagricultural 11 5,520 15.03 9 889 2.67 20 3,436 9.77 wage Self-employed nonagriculture 8 562 1.66 2 1 0.00 10 450 1.45 Salaried 3 333 0.55 6 333 0.47 9 333 0.49 Others 9 1,444 8.82 0 0 0 9 1,300 7.20 Total 51 2,146 8.00 22 2,157 5.67 73 2,150 7.09 It is also possible that the caregiver may have to completely withdraw from the labour force in order to take care of the PLWHA. However, in the present sample there were no such cases. Overall, it may be surmised that at the current stage of the HIV epidemic in the state, the main impact on the economy is going to come through lower productivity or withdrawal from labour force of PLWHA. The impact due to reduced time spent by caregivers in the labour market is very low. However, the household level impact, for the specific households that experience the twin impacts, is very significant. In order to predict some economy-wide effects of the impact of HIV and AIDS the average number of workdays lost per PLWHA worker needs to be observed. This would provide an indication of the amount of loss that would result due to the depletion of manpower. Overall, the workdays lost for those who had to take leave or be absent from work numbered around 44 in a year. The loss was highest for the agriculture wage labour households. It may be emphasised that leave/absence also depends on the stage of infection of the person and the kind of work one is engaged in. When using these figures to predict economy-wide effects, however, one has to keep in mind the possibility of substitution of PLWHA workers with other non-HIV workers. For instance, in agricultural households with the PLWHA still active, only one household reported having spent an extra amount on hired labourers. In the other two households, other family members substituted for 44 Socio-Economic Impact of HIV and AIDS in Tamil Nadu, India
the PLWHA whenever he was ill and could not attend to work. There were no cases where the agriculturalist PLWHA had withdrawn from the work force. This implies that even at the household level the impact may be muted in economic terms due to possibilities of substitution. But this impact is likely to be felt by the household members in terms of effort intensity and time-poverty. At the sectoral level, the impact is unlikely to be felt till the possibilities of substitution have been exhausted, which would be the case if the epidemic continues to spread without any checks and controls. In the survey, an attempt was made to find the reason for the withdrawal of PLWHA from the work force; while 91.4 percent of the PLWHA had done so due to ill health, around 1.7 percent had taken voluntary retirement, while the remainder had other reasons. This shows that the main reason for reduction in labour supply in the economy is going to be the ill health of the PLWHA workers and efforts to keep them healthy would reduce the macro-economic impact to some extent. Impact on the earnings of the PLWHA was also one of the issues discussed at the FGD held at Cambam. While one male participant mentioned that his income had reduced due to ill health, another had to give up work since he had been suffering from various OIs including TB. It was found that most of the male participants had suffered loss of income after they had tested HIV-positive. However, there were also four women who had not been working before the death of their husbands, but had started working with the Network and other NGOs only after being widowed. 4.5 Support from employer The survey also tried to find out whether the employers were providing some form of support to the PLWHA workers in the form of reimbursement of medical expenditure, paid leave, group insurance etc. Primarily, it was found that only a small percentage of workers had revealed their status in the workplace. While there were reports of discrimination in the case of some PLWHA, there were also cases where they were getting benefits from the employers. However, most of those receiving benefits were employed in NGOs working in the field of HIV and AIDS. In view of these reasons no detailed study was made on this issue. The main reason for reduction in labour supply in the economy is going to be the ill health of the PLWHA workers and efforts to keep them healthy would reduce the macro-economic impact to some extent Table 4.14 Average number of work days lost due to leave/absence from work of PLWHA Occupation group Average number of work days lost due to leave/absence in last one year Rural Urban Total Cultivation 56 17 52 Agriculture wage labour 44 116 58 Non-agricultural wage 46 39 42 Self-employed non-agriculture 56 47 51 Salaried 41 29 33 Others 0 0 0 Total 47 41 44 Impact of HIV Status on Income and Employment in India 45
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Socio-Economic IMPACT of HIV and AI
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© United Nations Development Progr
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Acknowledgements This report would
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CHAPTER 6 Impact of HIV and AIDS on
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Table 5.2 Average per capita per mo
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Table 8.2 Distribution of sample PL
Page 14 and 15: Executive Summary Introduction AIDS
Page 16 and 17: The work force participation rate r
Page 18 and 19: In the HIV households, both the rat
Page 20 and 21: discrimination. This discrimination
Page 22 and 23: 2 Socio-Economic Impact of HIV and
Page 24 and 25: Tamil Nadu has been identified as o
Page 26 and 27: Table 1.3 Source of infection in Ta
Page 28 and 29: interviewed for the study. A detail
Page 34 and 35: Household selections were made with
Page 36 and 37: In o rd e r t o s e l e c t t h e n
Page 41 and 42: Chapter 3 Profile of Sample Househo
Page 43 and 44: Table 3.3 Distribution of sample ho
Page 45 and 46: households use firewood. Liquified
Page 47: Table 3.7 Current and the past occu
Page 52 and 53: Table 4.1 Distribution of sample ho
Page 54 and 55: income class, it is seen that while
Page 56 and 57: That the impact of the epidemic is
Page 58 and 59: Table 4.6 Change in job due to HIV
Page 60 and 61: Table 4.9 The situation with respec
Page 62 and 63: Most of the loss in income has been
Page 66 and 67: 4.6 Observations The prevalence of
Page 70 and 71: lesser than that of non-HIV househo
Page 72 and 73: Table 5.3 ...(Contd.) HIV household
Page 74 and 75: Table 5.4 ..... (Contd.) HIV househ
Page 76 and 77: Table 5.5 Distribution of consumpti
Page 78 and 79: Table 5.6 Distribution of consumpti
Page 80 and 81: While the non-HIV households are po
Page 82 and 83: Table 5.7 .... (Contd.) HIV househo
Page 84 and 85: Table 5.8. .... (Contd.) HIV househ
Page 86 and 87: Table 5.10 Distribution of savers a
Page 88 and 89: households is, however, the highest
Page 90 and 91: growth of CPI in 2004-05 over 1999-
Page 92 and 93: the expenditure of households that
Page 94 and 95: While the burden of illness is bein
Page 98 and 99: impact is measured not only by aski
Page 100 and 101: Annual household income (Rs) Age 6-
Page 102 and 103: The percentage of girls from HIV ho
Page 104 and 105: In both HIV and non-HIV households,
Page 107 and 108: Impact of HIV and AIDS on Health
Page 109 and 110: Chapter 7 Impact of HIV and AIDS on
Page 111 and 112: 7.1.2 Prevalence rates of illnesses
Page 113 and 114: 7.2 Details about nonhospitalised i
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Again, it is seen that fever remain
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Table 7.9 Distribution of non-hospi
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Table 7.12 Frequency of hospitalisa
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It is seen that both in rural and u
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Table 7.18 Distribution of hospital
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Stigma and Discrimination, Knowledg
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Chapter 8 Stigma and Discrimination
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8.3 Reaction to HIV status 8.3.1 In
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from counsellors helped them to com
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provide supportive environment for
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minimal risk of contracting the inf
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Table 8.10 Distribution of responde
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Table 8.12 Distribution of responde
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to mingle with children belonging t
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Conclusion and Policy Implications
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Chapter 9 Conclusion and Policy Imp
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also reluctant to divulge their sta
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Annexures Conclusion and Policy Imp
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Annexures Annexure I Summary of foc
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Discrimination at workplace Many of
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that now. One of the participants w
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Annexure II Box 1 Case study 1: Tam
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Box 2 Case Study 2: From riches to
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United Nations Development Programm
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Socio-Economic Impact of HIV and AIDS in Tamil nadu

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