Socio-Economic Impact of HIV and AIDS in Tamil nadu

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Table 4.6 Change in job due to HIV and AIDS (in Percentages) Number of workers who changed jobs after being detected positive Rural Urban Total 22 21 43 Average monthly income of those who changed jobs 2,470 2,652 2,559 Number that received any benefit 3 4 7 Average benefit received at the time of leaving the job 1,333 28,000 16,571 for those who received benefit Average number of times people changed jobs after being tested positive 4 6 10 The impact of HIV and AIDS on employment can influence the pattern of employment/ non-employment of other members of the household as well 1.47 percent were unemployed but after testing around 11.37 percent are unemployed. The number of unemployed could well have increased in another way. If any of the female PLWHA were working before the test and had to give up work, it would be reflected in the increase in the category of ‘others’, and the table shows that such a difference exists. Similarly, the difference in the sectoral pattern of employment is mainly in terms of much higher proportion of those for whom the sector is “Not available” in the case of non-HIV households (Table 4.8). Here the term “Not Available” refers to all those who are in labour force but unemployed, as well as students, housewives etc. The percentage of HIV “Not available” increased after the test. The change in jobs was mainly out of agriculture and allied services, manufacturing, trade, transport, communication into “Not available” category due to increase in unemployment and a marginal increase in health related and other services. Some of the PLWHA are currently working in NGO sectors providing services to HIV infected persons. The decrease in the percentage of people in agriculture and allied activities from 24.42 percent (before test) to 19.58 percent (after test) is clearly seen in the decrease in the percentage of people in ‘cultivation’ and ‘agriculture wage labour’ occupation groups. The impact of HIV and AIDS on employment does not remain limited to only those who are HIV-positive. It can influence the pattern of employment/ non-employment of other members of the household as well. This is particularly true of the person who provides care to the PLWHA. However, the direction of this impact is not clear. The pressure on the time of the caregiver can result in that person’s withdrawal from the work force. On the other hand, loss of income due to withdrawal of PLWHA from work force or the increased consumption expenditure requirements (especially medical expenses) can result in greater participation of other members of the household in the work force. It needs to be noted here that not all PLWHA require care. It is only at very advanced stages of the infection that some form of care is required by the PLWHA. In the sample, out of the total of 475 PLWHA in the age group 18 to 60 years, 123 reported that they needed someone to take care of them. Some of the PLWHA have more than one family member taking care of them and hence the number of caregivers is 128. Almost 58 percent of the caregivers were employed at the time of the survey. However there is no report of anyone 38 Socio-Economic Impact of HIV and AIDS in Tamil Nadu, India
Table 4.7 Change in occupational distribution due to HIV and AIDS (age group 18-60) (in Percentages) Occupational category Distribution of PLWHA Distribution of non- Before test After test PLWHA (non-HIV households) Cultivation 8.0 6.74 5.86 Agri. wage labour 15.58 12.42 11.33 Non-agricultural wage 34.32 29.26 17.55 Self-employed non-agriculture 14.10 12.21 9.16 Salaried 15.16 15.79 12.11 Unemployed 1.47 11.37 8.92 Others 11.37 12.21 35.07 Total 100 100 100 Number of persons 475 475 3,328 Table 4.8 Change in sectoral distribution due to HIV and AIDS (Age group 18-60) (in Percentages) Occupational category Distribution of PLWHA Distribution of non- Before After test PLWHA (non-HIV test households) Agriculture and allied 24.42 19.58 18.18 Manufacturing & construction 22.31 19.16 19.65 Trade, transport, comm, hotels & rest 26.95 22.53 8.38 Health 2.10 2.74 1.17 Other services 11.37 12.42 8.92 Not available 12.84 23.58 43.63 Others 0.00 0.00 0.06 Total 100 100 100 Number of persons 475 475 3,328 who had to give up his/her job in order to take care of the HIV patient. While these ratios cannot be taken as true population parameters, they may be taken as indicative of the impact on labour supply due to HIV epidemic. Further, this impact is likely to grow in the future with an increase in HIV prevalence and a higher percentage of these patients requiring someone to take care of them. Even if the prevalence rates remain constant, the impact is going to be felt as the number of PLWHA in advanced stages of infection tends to increase. Further, the absolute numbers are going to be very high even if the proportion seems to be small. The distribution across sectors of the caregivers that are employed is shown in table 4.10. In the sample, a higher proportion of caregivers are working as wage labourers in both urban and rural samples. A lesser number of them are Impact of HIV Status on Income and Employment in India 39
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Socio-Economic IMPACT of HIV and AI
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© United Nations Development Progr
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Acknowledgements This report would
Page 8 and 9: CHAPTER 6 Impact of HIV and AIDS on
Page 10 and 11: Table 5.2 Average per capita per mo
Page 12 and 13: Table 8.2 Distribution of sample PL
Page 14 and 15: Executive Summary Introduction AIDS
Page 16 and 17: The work force participation rate r
Page 18 and 19: In the HIV households, both the rat
Page 20 and 21: discrimination. This discrimination
Page 22 and 23: 2 Socio-Economic Impact of HIV and
Page 24 and 25: Tamil Nadu has been identified as o
Page 26 and 27: Table 1.3 Source of infection in Ta
Page 28 and 29: interviewed for the study. A detail
Page 34 and 35: Household selections were made with
Page 36 and 37: In o rd e r t o s e l e c t t h e n
Page 41 and 42: Chapter 3 Profile of Sample Househo
Page 43 and 44: Table 3.3 Distribution of sample ho
Page 45 and 46: households use firewood. Liquified
Page 47: Table 3.7 Current and the past occu
Page 52 and 53: Table 4.1 Distribution of sample ho
Page 54 and 55: income class, it is seen that while
Page 56 and 57: That the impact of the epidemic is
Page 60 and 61: Table 4.9 The situation with respec
Page 62 and 63: Most of the loss in income has been
Page 64 and 65: Occupational category Table 4.13 Lo
Page 66 and 67: 4.6 Observations The prevalence of
Page 70 and 71: lesser than that of non-HIV househo
Page 72 and 73: Table 5.3 ...(Contd.) HIV household
Page 74 and 75: Table 5.4 ..... (Contd.) HIV househ
Page 76 and 77: Table 5.5 Distribution of consumpti
Page 78 and 79: Table 5.6 Distribution of consumpti
Page 80 and 81: While the non-HIV households are po
Page 82 and 83: Table 5.7 .... (Contd.) HIV househo
Page 84 and 85: Table 5.8. .... (Contd.) HIV househ
Page 86 and 87: Table 5.10 Distribution of savers a
Page 88 and 89: households is, however, the highest
Page 90 and 91: growth of CPI in 2004-05 over 1999-
Page 92 and 93: the expenditure of households that
Page 94 and 95: While the burden of illness is bein
Page 98 and 99: impact is measured not only by aski
Page 100 and 101: Annual household income (Rs) Age 6-
Page 102 and 103: The percentage of girls from HIV ho
Page 104 and 105: In both HIV and non-HIV households,
Page 107 and 108: Impact of HIV and AIDS on Health
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Chapter 7 Impact of HIV and AIDS on
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7.1.2 Prevalence rates of illnesses
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7.2 Details about nonhospitalised i
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Again, it is seen that fever remain
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Table 7.9 Distribution of non-hospi
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Table 7.12 Frequency of hospitalisa
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It is seen that both in rural and u
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Table 7.18 Distribution of hospital
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Stigma and Discrimination, Knowledg
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Chapter 8 Stigma and Discrimination
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8.3 Reaction to HIV status 8.3.1 In
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from counsellors helped them to com
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provide supportive environment for
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minimal risk of contracting the inf
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Table 8.10 Distribution of responde
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Table 8.12 Distribution of responde
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to mingle with children belonging t
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Conclusion and Policy Implications
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Chapter 9 Conclusion and Policy Imp
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also reluctant to divulge their sta
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Annexures Conclusion and Policy Imp
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Annexures Annexure I Summary of foc
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Discrimination at workplace Many of
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that now. One of the participants w
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Annexure II Box 1 Case study 1: Tam
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Box 2 Case Study 2: From riches to
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United Nations Development Programm
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Socio-Economic Impact of HIV and AIDS in Tamil nadu

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