Socio-Economic Impact of HIV and AIDS in Tamil nadu

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While the non-HIV households are positive savers in both rural and urban samples, the HIV households, on the contrary, are negative savers income and this fall is substantial moving from the income group of Rs. 41,000- Rs. 84,000 to the income group of Rs. 84,000 and above. This is true for both HIV and non-HIV households. But between non-HIV and HIV households, the proportion spent on food is lesser in HIV households. While non-HIV households devote about 3 percent of consumption expenditure on medical expenditure, this figure is about 6 percent in HIV households. T h e a v e r a g e h o u s e h o l d a n n u a l consumption expenditure and the per capita annual consumption expenditure item-wise and income group-wise for non-HIV and HIV households are presented in tables 5.7 and 5.8. It is noticed that although on the whole, the average expenditure is slightly higher in the case of non-HIV households, except in the lowest income group; in all the other groups the average expenditure is higher in the HIV households. However, in terms of per capita expenditure, except for the lowest income group, it is higher in all income groups as well as in the total for HIV households in comparison with non-HIV households. As can be expected, the average household consumption expenditure is higher for the higher income groups (Table 5.7). The rise in expenditure is sharper, going from income group of Rs. 41,001- 84,000 to Rs. 84,001 and above. This is clearer on looking at the per capita expenditure shown in table 5.8. The rise in average household expenditure with rise in income could be due to both, increase in household size as well as increase in per capita consumption. As already noticed, the three major items of expenditure concerning the study are expenditure on food & education of children, where the HIV households are spending less than non-HIV households both in terms of average expenditure and per capita expenditure, and medical expenses, where the HIV households are spending more than twice the amount spent by non-HIV households in terms of both average expenditure and per capita expenditure. The fact that HIV households are spending less than non- HIV households on the education of children corroborates the assumption in literature that HIV and AIDS would result in lower investment on education of children (Bell, Devarajan and Gersbach, 2003). 5.2 Household savings Although, in the present sample, the non-HIV households are slightly better placed because of their average household income being higher than the HIV households, the difference in their savings shows how badly the HIV households are placed (table 5.9). While the non- HIV households are positive savers in both rural and urban samples, the HIV households, on the contrary, are negative savers. Of the different kinds of savings considered, the non-HIV households have a small negative saving only in the case of agricultural land. Considering the huge expenses that all households seem to incur on “Other non-food” items, which relates to expenses on marriages and suchlike, it is possible that the households would have disposed off some assets for the purpose. However, in case of HIV households, they possess savings only in the form of cash/bank deposits and as shares and that too much less than similar savings of non-HIV households. The fact that HIV households are negative savers with respect to assets (house/plot) could also be the reason for their paying a high proportion of their expenditure as rent. Further, for the urban sample of the HIV households, even savings under cash/ bank deposits are negative and they only 60 Socio-Economic Impact of HIV and AIDS in Tamil Nadu, India
Table 5.7 Average household annual consumption expenditure by income group Non-HIV households (in Rupees) Item Rural Upto Rs. 20,000 20,001- 30,000 30,001- 41,000 41,001- 84,000 84,001 and above Cereals 2,903 5,301 6,921 8,551 8,785 6,577 Pulses 801 1,056 1,296 1,345 1,743 1,210 Other food 7,809 9,362 11,559 15,775 20,579 12,264 Total food 11,512 15,719 19,776 25,671 31,107 20,050 Fuel and light 1,361 1,734 2,561 3,503 5,438 2,625 House rent 310 420 407 385 433 397 Clothing & footwear 804 1,153 1,679 2,147 4,077 1,709 Durables 166 255 319 900 3,602 668 Education of children 359 793 990 3,166 4,233 1,706 Medical 1,261 990 1,859 2,760 8,155 2,181 Other non-food 4,208 5,839 9,476 12,943 43,256 10,963 Total 19,981 26,901 37,068 51,475 1,00,301 40,300 Urban Cereals 4,651 4,296 4,986 7,279 9,234 6,426 Pulses 1,133 959 1,020 1,272 1,575 1,201 Other food 7,576 9,432 11,932 15,971 25,940 14,989 Total food 13,359 14,687 17,939 24,521 36,749 22,616 Fuel and light 2,200 2,790 4,060 6,012 10,281 5,455 House rent 1,925 1,764 3,625 4,019 6,252 3,710 Clothing & footwear 1,043 1,121 1,407 2,483 4,577 2,254 Durables 152 123 239 1,106 3,856 1,110 Education of children 310 723 1,453 2,636 5,463 2,341 Medical 710 614 749 2,009 1,839 1,416 Other non-food 3,450 4,817 6,506 14,421 57,074 16,801 Total 23,151 26,638 35,979 57,206 1,26,091 55,704 All Cereals 3,391 4,955 6,118 7,843 9,078 6,508 Pulses 893 1,023 1,182 1,304 1,633 1,206 Other food 7,744 9,386 11,714 15,884 24,081 13,517 Total food 12,028 15,364 19,014 25,031 34,792 21,230 Fuel and light 1,595 2,097 3,183 4,899 8,601 3,926 House rent 760 882 1,742 2,407 4,234 1,920 Clothing & footwear 871 1,142 1,566 2,334 4,404 1,960 Durables 162 209 286 1,015 3,768 871 Education of children 345 769 1,182 2,871 5,036 1,998 Medical 1,108 860 1,399 2,342 4,029 1,829 Other non-food 3,996 5,487 8,244 13,766 52,283 13,647 Total 20,866 26,811 36,616 54,665 1,17,148 47,381 Total Impact on the Level and Pattern of Consumption and Savings of the Households 61
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Socio-Economic IMPACT of HIV and AI
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© United Nations Development Progr
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Acknowledgements This report would
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CHAPTER 6 Impact of HIV and AIDS on
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Table 5.2 Average per capita per mo
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Table 8.2 Distribution of sample PL
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Executive Summary Introduction AIDS
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The work force participation rate r
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In the HIV households, both the rat
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discrimination. This discrimination
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2 Socio-Economic Impact of HIV and
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Tamil Nadu has been identified as o
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Table 1.3 Source of infection in Ta
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interviewed for the study. A detail
Page 30 and 31: 10 Socio-Economic Impact of HIV and
Page 34 and 35: Household selections were made with
Page 36 and 37: In o rd e r t o s e l e c t t h e n
Page 41 and 42: Chapter 3 Profile of Sample Househo
Page 43 and 44: Table 3.3 Distribution of sample ho
Page 45 and 46: households use firewood. Liquified
Page 47: Table 3.7 Current and the past occu
Page 52 and 53: Table 4.1 Distribution of sample ho
Page 54 and 55: income class, it is seen that while
Page 56 and 57: That the impact of the epidemic is
Page 58 and 59: Table 4.6 Change in job due to HIV
Page 60 and 61: Table 4.9 The situation with respec
Page 62 and 63: Most of the loss in income has been
Page 64 and 65: Occupational category Table 4.13 Lo
Page 66 and 67: 4.6 Observations The prevalence of
Page 70 and 71: lesser than that of non-HIV househo
Page 72 and 73: Table 5.3 ...(Contd.) HIV household
Page 74 and 75: Table 5.4 ..... (Contd.) HIV househ
Page 76 and 77: Table 5.5 Distribution of consumpti
Page 78 and 79: Table 5.6 Distribution of consumpti
Page 82 and 83: Table 5.7 .... (Contd.) HIV househo
Page 84 and 85: Table 5.8. .... (Contd.) HIV househ
Page 86 and 87: Table 5.10 Distribution of savers a
Page 88 and 89: households is, however, the highest
Page 90 and 91: growth of CPI in 2004-05 over 1999-
Page 92 and 93: the expenditure of households that
Page 94 and 95: While the burden of illness is bein
Page 98 and 99: impact is measured not only by aski
Page 100 and 101: Annual household income (Rs) Age 6-
Page 102 and 103: The percentage of girls from HIV ho
Page 104 and 105: In both HIV and non-HIV households,
Page 107 and 108: Impact of HIV and AIDS on Health
Page 109 and 110: Chapter 7 Impact of HIV and AIDS on
Page 111 and 112: 7.1.2 Prevalence rates of illnesses
Page 113 and 114: 7.2 Details about nonhospitalised i
Page 115 and 116: Again, it is seen that fever remain
Page 117 and 118: Table 7.9 Distribution of non-hospi
Page 119 and 120: Table 7.12 Frequency of hospitalisa
Page 121 and 122: It is seen that both in rural and u
Page 123 and 124: Table 7.18 Distribution of hospital
Page 125 and 126: Stigma and Discrimination, Knowledg
Page 127 and 128: Chapter 8 Stigma and Discrimination
Page 129 and 130: 8.3 Reaction to HIV status 8.3.1 In
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from counsellors helped them to com
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provide supportive environment for
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minimal risk of contracting the inf
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Table 8.10 Distribution of responde
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Table 8.12 Distribution of responde
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to mingle with children belonging t
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Conclusion and Policy Implications
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Chapter 9 Conclusion and Policy Imp
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also reluctant to divulge their sta
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Annexures Conclusion and Policy Imp
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Annexures Annexure I Summary of foc
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Discrimination at workplace Many of
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that now. One of the participants w
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Annexure II Box 1 Case study 1: Tam
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Box 2 Case Study 2: From riches to
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United Nations Development Programm
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