Socio-Economic Impact of HIV and AIDS in Tamil nadu

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Most of the loss in income has been due to income lost by leave/absence in the last one year of the loss in income has been due to income lost by leave/absence in the last one year. Small losses in fringe benefits have also been reported as has been the extra amount spent by cultivators on hired labourers. This income loss is spread across all occupational groups. The highest number of PLWHA who have suffered from losses belong to the wage group (105 out of 164). This is to be expected since this group would lose earnings for each day that they do not report to work. The salaried class is likely to enjoy some benefits like casual/medical/earned leaves that they can make use of. Only non-agricultural wage labourer and salaried households report loss of fringe benefits. This again is to be expected since other groups are unlikely to have any fringe benefits which relate to such things as overtime pay, paid leave etc. While Table 4.11 is related to loss of income for those PLWHA who were still working, Table 4.12 deals with the loss of income for those who have withdrawn themselves from the labour force. While some persons are likely to have never been employed, the table here relates to only those individuals who stopped working after being tested positive. It is seen that 53 people stopped working after being detected HIV-positive. The loss of income per person turned out to be approximately Rs. 24,095 per annum in the sample. None of the households reported having spent any extra amount on hiring labourers to substitute the PLWHA worker. The impact does not appear to be much when seen as a percent of the total current income of the HIV households in the sample. If this ratio were taken as the true population parameter then the impact at the level of the state, given the current prevalence rate, would not amount to much. In fact, this may be taken as the outermost bound of the reduction in GDP due to reduced labour supply caused by HIV and AIDS, ignoring the large possibilities of substitution at the level of the state, particularly in a labour surplus economy. Although the loss per se does not appear to be much considering the fact that the samples are taken from households belonging to low economic strata, the losses are huge to the affected families as evidenced by income lost as a percentage of current household income which has varied between 38 percent and 187 percent, with the total at 84.2 percent. For some household groups it is more than 100 percent, i.e. the lost income is more than the current household income. This can result in great misery at the household level and can even increase the level of poverty. The scale of impact is likely to increase in the future as the number of households so affected would increase with greater number of currently working PLWHA withdrawing from labour force due to illness. There would be a need to supplement the income of HIV households, find some form of employment for other members of the household or even the PLWHA so that the hard fought battle against poverty is not reversed. The loss of income for HIV households is not limited to the loss of fringe benefits or jobs of the PLWHA. It is accentuated by the loss of income of the person providing care to the PLWHA. For those who are employed, this can be due to reduced time spent in the labour market in order to look after the PLWHA. Seventy-three persons in the sample reported reduction in household income due to loss of income of the caregiver, the average loss per person being approximately Rs. 2,150 (Table 4.13). As a percentage of the caregivers that are currently employed, the number of caregivers reporting 42 Socio-Economic Impact of HIV and AIDS in Tamil Nadu, India
Table 4.12 Loss of income of workers with HIV if currently not working by occupational groups Persons Average income lost due to loss of job Extra amount spent on hired labourers for cultivators Income lost as a percentage of current household income Rural Cultivation 0 0 0 0.00 Agriculture wage labour 7 15,557 0 136.74 Non-agricultural wage 16 24,837 0 113.31 Self-employed nonagriculture 5 32,400 0 187.02 Salaried 4 37,200 0 72.94 Others 0 0 0 0 Total 32 23,346 0 113.3 Urban Cultivation 0 0 0 0.00 Agriculture wage labour 4 20,400 0 113.02 Non-agricultural wage 9 23,933 0 70.39 Self-employed nonagriculture 3 30,000 0 72.70 Salaried 5 29,040 0 38.36 Others 0 0 0 0 Total 21 25,343 0 60.44 Rural & urban Cultivation 0 0 0 0.00 Agriculture wage labour 11 17,318 0 125.46 Non-agricultural wage 25 24,512 0 93.31 Self-employed nonagriculture 8 31,500 0 119.76 Salaried 9 32,667 0 50.46 Others 0 0 0 0 Total 53 24,095 0 84.2 loss of income is very high. However, as a percentage of total workers in the HIV households in the sample, this figure is very small. This suggests the macro-economic impact of this may not amount to much. However, the long-term impact may not remain similarly low. For those households that did experience reduction in the income of the caregiver, the proportion of income lost to current household income was nearly 7 percent in the sample. However, the impact has varied across households, from 36 percent to 0.47 percent. As a percentage of the total income of all HIV households together, the impact is minuscule. Impact of HIV Status on Income and Employment in India 43
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Socio-Economic IMPACT of HIV and AI
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© United Nations Development Progr
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Acknowledgements This report would
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CHAPTER 6 Impact of HIV and AIDS on
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Table 5.2 Average per capita per mo
Page 12 and 13: Table 8.2 Distribution of sample PL
Page 14 and 15: Executive Summary Introduction AIDS
Page 16 and 17: The work force participation rate r
Page 18 and 19: In the HIV households, both the rat
Page 20 and 21: discrimination. This discrimination
Page 22 and 23: 2 Socio-Economic Impact of HIV and
Page 24 and 25: Tamil Nadu has been identified as o
Page 26 and 27: Table 1.3 Source of infection in Ta
Page 28 and 29: interviewed for the study. A detail
Page 34 and 35: Household selections were made with
Page 36 and 37: In o rd e r t o s e l e c t t h e n
Page 41 and 42: Chapter 3 Profile of Sample Househo
Page 43 and 44: Table 3.3 Distribution of sample ho
Page 45 and 46: households use firewood. Liquified
Page 47: Table 3.7 Current and the past occu
Page 52 and 53: Table 4.1 Distribution of sample ho
Page 54 and 55: income class, it is seen that while
Page 56 and 57: That the impact of the epidemic is
Page 58 and 59: Table 4.6 Change in job due to HIV
Page 60 and 61: Table 4.9 The situation with respec
Page 64 and 65: Occupational category Table 4.13 Lo
Page 66 and 67: 4.6 Observations The prevalence of
Page 70 and 71: lesser than that of non-HIV househo
Page 72 and 73: Table 5.3 ...(Contd.) HIV household
Page 74 and 75: Table 5.4 ..... (Contd.) HIV househ
Page 76 and 77: Table 5.5 Distribution of consumpti
Page 78 and 79: Table 5.6 Distribution of consumpti
Page 80 and 81: While the non-HIV households are po
Page 82 and 83: Table 5.7 .... (Contd.) HIV househo
Page 84 and 85: Table 5.8. .... (Contd.) HIV househ
Page 86 and 87: Table 5.10 Distribution of savers a
Page 88 and 89: households is, however, the highest
Page 90 and 91: growth of CPI in 2004-05 over 1999-
Page 92 and 93: the expenditure of households that
Page 94 and 95: While the burden of illness is bein
Page 98 and 99: impact is measured not only by aski
Page 100 and 101: Annual household income (Rs) Age 6-
Page 102 and 103: The percentage of girls from HIV ho
Page 104 and 105: In both HIV and non-HIV households,
Page 107 and 108: Impact of HIV and AIDS on Health
Page 109 and 110: Chapter 7 Impact of HIV and AIDS on
Page 111 and 112: 7.1.2 Prevalence rates of illnesses
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7.2 Details about nonhospitalised i
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Again, it is seen that fever remain
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Table 7.9 Distribution of non-hospi
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Table 7.12 Frequency of hospitalisa
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It is seen that both in rural and u
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Table 7.18 Distribution of hospital
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Stigma and Discrimination, Knowledg
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Chapter 8 Stigma and Discrimination
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8.3 Reaction to HIV status 8.3.1 In
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from counsellors helped them to com
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provide supportive environment for
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minimal risk of contracting the inf
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Table 8.10 Distribution of responde
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Table 8.12 Distribution of responde
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to mingle with children belonging t
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Conclusion and Policy Implications
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Chapter 9 Conclusion and Policy Imp
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also reluctant to divulge their sta
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Annexures Conclusion and Policy Imp
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Annexures Annexure I Summary of foc
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Discrimination at workplace Many of
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that now. One of the participants w
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Annexure II Box 1 Case study 1: Tam
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Box 2 Case Study 2: From riches to
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United Nations Development Programm
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Socio-Economic Impact of HIV and AIDS in Tamil nadu

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