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THE CHALLENGES FACING LANDLOCKED DE
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to link to global markets. In doing
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TABLE OF CONTENTS EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
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PART 1: INTRODUCTION AND BACKGROUND
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First, landlocked countries are dep
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together a wide variety of sources,
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infrastructure. In these cases the
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1.2.3. VULNERABILITY TO CIVIL CONFL
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the Central African Republic - Came
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1.3 INDICATORS OF DEVELOPMENT 1.3.1
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• The southern African landlocked
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PART 2: COUNTRY CASE STUDIES - 18 -
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Internal transport networks in the
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Ports Although Botswana’s geograp
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POLITICAL RELATIONS Lesotho’s int
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elatively better quality than most
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SWAZILAND Despite being landlocked,
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ZAMBIA While Zambia shares its bord
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Relations with South Africa have be
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Zimbabwe’s extensive rail network
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TRANSIT ROUTES OF ETHIOPIA The land
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UGANDA Uganda’s location allows i
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POLITICAL RELATIONS The formation o
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section on Uganda. The Central Corr
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BURUNDI In addition to lying over 1
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In 1996, after Major Pierre Buyoya
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Recognizing the dramatic effects th
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AFRICA - WESTERN TRANSIT ROUTES OF
- Page 57 and 58: of transit. In fact, the landlocked
- Page 59 and 60: only hindering normal road traffic
- Page 61 and 62: CENTRAL AFRICAN REPUBLIC With only
- Page 63 and 64: Relations with the eastern neighbor
- Page 65 and 66: TRANSPORT INFRASTRUCTURE Road While
- Page 67 and 68: MALI Upon declaring independence in
- Page 69 and 70: Finally, and most importantly for M
- Page 71 and 72: TRANSPORTATION INFRASTRUCTURE Road
- Page 73 and 74: ASIA - CENTRAL TRANSIT ROUTES OF CE
- Page 75 and 76: TRANSIT ROUTES OF MONGOLIA As part
- Page 77 and 78: AFGHANISTAN Two decades of war, har
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- Page 81 and 82: Iran, Pakistan and Turkey constrain
- Page 83 and 84: KYRGYZSTAN Over 3600 km from the ne
- Page 85 and 86: POLITICAL RELATIONS Generally recog
- Page 87 and 88: The country’s two major highways,
- Page 89 and 90: TURKMENISTAN With direct access to
- Page 91 and 92: Ports and Waterways Turkmenistan ha
- Page 93 and 94: Domestic transport is hampered by t
- Page 95 and 96: MOLDOVA Although the former Soviet
- Page 97 and 98: MONGOLIA As the landlocked country
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- Page 101 and 102: ARMENIA While Armenia’s central g
- Page 103 and 104: With the closure of the Turkish and
- Page 105 and 106: worse (World Bank 2000). In fact, w
- Page 107: ASIA - SOUTH & SOUTH-EAST TRANSIT R
- Page 111 and 112: and exports pass through the port p
- Page 113 and 114: Khai (at the Thai-Laos border) to t
- Page 115 and 116: NEPAL Due to the Himalayan range to
- Page 117 and 118: More recently, India delayed the au
- Page 119 and 120: links to the railways of Argentina,
- Page 121 and 122: developing the nation’s road infr
- Page 123 and 124: PARAGUAY Dependent primarily on tra
- Page 125 and 126: BOPS Break Bulk CAN CAR CEEAC/ECCAS
- Page 127 and 128: GENERAL ADB (2002). Annual Report 2
- Page 129 and 130: United Nations General Assembly (20
- Page 131 and 132: BOTSWANA CountryWatch (2003). Botsw
- Page 133 and 134: EIU (2002). Malawi Country Profile
- Page 135 and 136: ZAMBIA Chikoti, V. (?). Overview of
- Page 137 and 138: AFRICA - CENTRAL AND EASTERN BURUND
- Page 139 and 140: EIU (2002). Ethiopia Country Report
- Page 141 and 142: Mutumba-Lule, A. (2001). 17 Firms V
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- Page 145 and 146: Jean-Bertin, O. (2002). Burkina Fas
- Page 147 and 148: Evlo, K. (1995). Transit Transport
- Page 149 and 150: ASIA - CENTRAL United Nations (1994
- Page 151 and 152: UNESCAP (2002). Afghanistan: Status
- Page 153 and 154: EIU (2001). Railways in Kyrgyz Repu
- Page 155 and 156: Spiegel Online (2002). Moldawien, S
- Page 157 and 158: USDA FSA (2002). Tajikistan Shippin
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CAUCASUS ARMENIA Armenia Foreign Mi
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World Bank (2000). Project Appraisa
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World Audit (2001). World Democracy
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MONGOLIA Canning, D. (1998). A Data
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WDI (2002). World Development Indic
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UN DHA (1997). Paraguay El Niño Fl
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Map 1
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Table 2: Human Development - Rankin
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Table 4: Exports per Capita (2000 c
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Figure 1: Human Development Indicat