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SOUTH AMERICA TRANSIT ROUTES OF SOUTH AMERICA Unlike the landlocked countries of other regions, most notably those of central Asia and southern Africa, Bolivia and Paraguay do not share deep historical, cultural, or political bonds nor are they geographically similar. Bolivia is most closely integrated with the members of the Andean Community (CAN) customs union, while Paraguay is integrated in the MERCOSUR region. Bolivia’s landscape is dominated by mountains, while Paraguay is primarily planar. And Bolivia has a large indigenous population, while Paraguay is predominantly mestizo. Nonetheless, these countries face strikingly similar challenges. Both suffer from poor domestic infrastructure, and unlike most African landlocked countries, are surrounded by relatively extensive and well maintained transport corridors. The poor maintenance and operation of domestic linkages, however, have prevented these countries from benefiting from such strong external transit corridors. Paraguay’s railroad, for example, - 113 -
links to the railways of Argentina, Uruguay and Brazil, and could serve a primary role in international transport, but has fallen into a state of disuse. Bolivia and Paraguay also both face political challenges with their transit neighbors. While they are not subject to the same level of domestic or surrounding strife of the countries of Africa, nor the frequent border closures of the central Asia region, the South American landlocked countries have suffered from political tensions with their transit neighbors. Most recently, for example, an ambitious Bolivian plan that could double exports by exporting natural gas via Chilean ports has been delayed by ongoing domestic protest in Bolivia against the use of Chilean corridors. Such protest is largely a product of the ongoing and century-old tensions between the two countries. On the positive side, Bolivia and Paraguay also have similar opportunities: both are advantageously located in the heart of South America, potentially allowing them to serve as the South American trade cross-roads, between MERCOSUR and the Andean Community. This central location could allow them to serve as regional hubs for new technologies less dependent on transport costs, such as telecommunications. Both Bolivia and Paraguay also hold the potential to be major regional energy hubs since they both possess significant reserves. Bolivia recently discovered expansive reserves of natural gas and oil, and Paraguay has the potential to be a major exporter of hydroelectric power. Since these sectors are not primarily dependent on road and rail infrastructure, it will be possible to develop and benefit from them even before domestic transport infrastructure is improved to an adequate level. - 114 -
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THE CHALLENGES FACING LANDLOCKED DE
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to link to global markets. In doing
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TABLE OF CONTENTS EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
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PART 1: INTRODUCTION AND BACKGROUND
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First, landlocked countries are dep
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together a wide variety of sources,
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infrastructure. In these cases the
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1.2.3. VULNERABILITY TO CIVIL CONFL
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the Central African Republic - Came
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1.3 INDICATORS OF DEVELOPMENT 1.3.1
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• The southern African landlocked
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PART 2: COUNTRY CASE STUDIES - 18 -
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Internal transport networks in the
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Ports Although Botswana’s geograp
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POLITICAL RELATIONS Lesotho’s int
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elatively better quality than most
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SWAZILAND Despite being landlocked,
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ZAMBIA While Zambia shares its bord
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Relations with South Africa have be
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Zimbabwe’s extensive rail network
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TRANSIT ROUTES OF ETHIOPIA The land
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UGANDA Uganda’s location allows i
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POLITICAL RELATIONS The formation o
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section on Uganda. The Central Corr
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BURUNDI In addition to lying over 1
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In 1996, after Major Pierre Buyoya
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Recognizing the dramatic effects th
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AFRICA - WESTERN TRANSIT ROUTES OF
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of transit. In fact, the landlocked
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only hindering normal road traffic
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CENTRAL AFRICAN REPUBLIC With only
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Relations with the eastern neighbor
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TRANSPORT INFRASTRUCTURE Road While
Page 67 and 68: MALI Upon declaring independence in
Page 69 and 70: Finally, and most importantly for M
Page 71 and 72: TRANSPORTATION INFRASTRUCTURE Road
Page 73 and 74: ASIA - CENTRAL TRANSIT ROUTES OF CE
Page 75 and 76: TRANSIT ROUTES OF MONGOLIA As part
Page 77 and 78: AFGHANISTAN Two decades of war, har
Page 79 and 80: Afghanistan, the first by an Irania
Page 81 and 82: Iran, Pakistan and Turkey constrain
Page 83 and 84: KYRGYZSTAN Over 3600 km from the ne
Page 85 and 86: POLITICAL RELATIONS Generally recog
Page 87 and 88: The country’s two major highways,
Page 89 and 90: TURKMENISTAN With direct access to
Page 91 and 92: Ports and Waterways Turkmenistan ha
Page 93 and 94: Domestic transport is hampered by t
Page 95 and 96: MOLDOVA Although the former Soviet
Page 97 and 98: MONGOLIA As the landlocked country
Page 99 and 100: CAUCASUS TRANSIT ROUTES OF THE CAUC
Page 101 and 102: ARMENIA While Armenia’s central g
Page 103 and 104: With the closure of the Turkish and
Page 105 and 106: worse (World Bank 2000). In fact, w
Page 107 and 108: ASIA - SOUTH & SOUTH-EAST TRANSIT R
Page 109 and 110: With the exception of western Afric
Page 111 and 112: and exports pass through the port p
Page 113 and 114: Khai (at the Thai-Laos border) to t
Page 115 and 116: NEPAL Due to the Himalayan range to
Page 117: More recently, India delayed the au
Page 121 and 122: developing the nation’s road infr
Page 123 and 124: PARAGUAY Dependent primarily on tra
Page 125 and 126: BOPS Break Bulk CAN CAR CEEAC/ECCAS
Page 127 and 128: GENERAL ADB (2002). Annual Report 2
Page 129 and 130: United Nations General Assembly (20
Page 131 and 132: BOTSWANA CountryWatch (2003). Botsw
Page 133 and 134: EIU (2002). Malawi Country Profile
Page 135 and 136: ZAMBIA Chikoti, V. (?). Overview of
Page 137 and 138: AFRICA - CENTRAL AND EASTERN BURUND
Page 139 and 140: EIU (2002). Ethiopia Country Report
Page 141 and 142: Mutumba-Lule, A. (2001). 17 Firms V
Page 143 and 144: - 138 -
Page 145 and 146: Jean-Bertin, O. (2002). Burkina Fas
Page 147 and 148: Evlo, K. (1995). Transit Transport
Page 149 and 150: ASIA - CENTRAL United Nations (1994
Page 151 and 152: UNESCAP (2002). Afghanistan: Status
Page 153 and 154: EIU (2001). Railways in Kyrgyz Repu
Page 155 and 156: Spiegel Online (2002). Moldawien, S
Page 157 and 158: USDA FSA (2002). Tajikistan Shippin
Page 159 and 160: CAUCASUS ARMENIA Armenia Foreign Mi
Page 161 and 162: World Bank (2000). Project Appraisa
Page 163 and 164: World Audit (2001). World Democracy
Page 165 and 166: MONGOLIA Canning, D. (1998). A Data
Page 167 and 168: WDI (2002). World Development Indic
Page 169 and 170:
UN DHA (1997). Paraguay El Niño Fl
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Map 1
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Table 2: Human Development - Rankin
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Table 4: Exports per Capita (2000 c
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Figure 1: Human Development Indicat
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