the challenges facing landlocked developing countries: a case study ...

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To address these problems the Zambian government has undertaken a US $70 million Road Sector Investment Project (1997-2007) with assistance from the World Bank, aimed at increasing the proportion of roads in “good condition” to at least 50%. The Project will also address the issue of road safety. In addition, the Zambian government has negotiated bilateral road transport agreements with Botswana, Zimbabwe, Malawi and Tanzania. Rail Zambia’s two railways TAZARA (jointly owned with Tanzania) and Zambia Railways are both operating at under half capacity and are plagued by old tracks, inadequate rolling stock, and poor maintenance. The Zambian government has recently undertaken a US$27 million Railways Restructuring Project “to enable Zambia Railways, through restructuring and privatization, to substantially increase its operating efficiency, reduce its cost of operations, and configure its freight services and tariffs to meet customers’ requirements and expectations, and consequently, to increase its share of the local, international, and transit freight traffic” (World Bank 1997). Zambia Railways has bilateral working agreements with the national railways of Zimbabwe, South Africa (Spoornet), and Tanzania. Ports/Waterways Zambia’s primary transit ports are those of South Africa (mainly Durban), Mozambique (mainly Beira) and Tanzanian (Dar es Salaam). While Beira is closest, Durban is the best equipped and also directly accessible by rail. Both the ports of Beira and Durban have been expanding their market share in Zambia at the expense of the port of Dar es Salaam. Inland water transport holds potential for freight transport to DRC, Burundi and Tanzania via Lake Tanganyika but has been thus far underdeveloped and poorly maintained. The port of Mpulungu on the lake is considered to be in poor condition and is not linked with the railway network thereby limiting demand (World Bank 1997; EIU 2002). POLITICAL RELATIONS Zambia is considered to be more politically stable than many of its neighbors. Despite such stability, Zambia has recently had to deal with conflicts in neighboring Angola and DRC, and rising tensions in Zimbabwe. The Angola conflict, which recently ended in April 2002, not only weakened the country’s infrastructure and rendered its corridors impassable, but also soured relations with Zambia. The Zambian government was accused of funding rebels and allowing Angolan rebel groups to take refuge on Zambian soil. Moreover, Zambia refused Angola the right to pursue the rebels on Zambian territory. The escalating tensions led to brief border skirmishes in 2000. Further contributing to the escalating tensions, Angolan soldiers embarked on a series of cross-border raids in which they plundered Zambian border villages in 2001. The end of the war and the establishment of a tripartite security mechanism with Namibia, however, promise to improve relations, although border regions still remain volatile. Zambia has also suffered from the civil war in the DRC: Congolese rebels have crossed into Western Zambia looting Zambian villages, and the influx of Congolese refugees is placing additional strain on an already weak Zambian economy. The Zambian government, however, has refused to become militarily involved in the crisis and remains neutral. - 31 -
Relations with South Africa have been strained over sour relations between the countries’ previous presidents, as well as the large trade imbalance- 68% of Zambia’s imports originate in South Africa. With the elections of President Patrick Levy Mwanawasa of Zambia and President Thabo Mbeki of South Africa, however, relations have been showing signs of improvement. The 2001 ratification of a trade protocol between SADC and SACU will also guarantee Zambian producers access to South African markets and should help further improve relations. - 32 -
Page 1 and 2: THE CHALLENGES FACING LANDLOCKED DE
Page 3 and 4: to link to global markets. In doing
Page 5 and 6: TABLE OF CONTENTS EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
Page 7 and 8: PART 1: INTRODUCTION AND BACKGROUND
Page 9 and 10: First, landlocked countries are dep
Page 11 and 12: together a wide variety of sources,
Page 13 and 14: infrastructure. In these cases the
Page 15 and 16: 1.2.3. VULNERABILITY TO CIVIL CONFL
Page 17 and 18: the Central African Republic - Came
Page 19 and 20: 1.3 INDICATORS OF DEVELOPMENT 1.3.1
Page 21 and 22: • The southern African landlocked
Page 23 and 24: PART 2: COUNTRY CASE STUDIES - 18 -
Page 25 and 26: Internal transport networks in the
Page 27 and 28: Ports Although Botswana’s geograp
Page 29 and 30: POLITICAL RELATIONS Lesotho’s int
Page 31 and 32: elatively better quality than most
Page 33 and 34: SWAZILAND Despite being landlocked,
Page 35: ZAMBIA While Zambia shares its bord
Page 39 and 40: Zimbabwe’s extensive rail network
Page 41 and 42: TRANSIT ROUTES OF ETHIOPIA The land
Page 43 and 44: UGANDA Uganda’s location allows i
Page 45 and 46: POLITICAL RELATIONS The formation o
Page 47 and 48: section on Uganda. The Central Corr
Page 49 and 50: BURUNDI In addition to lying over 1
Page 51 and 52: In 1996, after Major Pierre Buyoya
Page 53 and 54: Recognizing the dramatic effects th
Page 55 and 56: AFRICA - WESTERN TRANSIT ROUTES OF
Page 57 and 58: of transit. In fact, the landlocked
Page 59 and 60: only hindering normal road traffic
Page 61 and 62: CENTRAL AFRICAN REPUBLIC With only
Page 63 and 64: Relations with the eastern neighbor
Page 65 and 66: TRANSPORT INFRASTRUCTURE Road While
Page 67 and 68: MALI Upon declaring independence in
Page 69 and 70: Finally, and most importantly for M
Page 71 and 72: TRANSPORTATION INFRASTRUCTURE Road
Page 73 and 74: ASIA - CENTRAL TRANSIT ROUTES OF CE
Page 75 and 76: TRANSIT ROUTES OF MONGOLIA As part
Page 77 and 78: AFGHANISTAN Two decades of war, har
Page 79 and 80: Afghanistan, the first by an Irania
Page 81 and 82: Iran, Pakistan and Turkey constrain
Page 83 and 84: KYRGYZSTAN Over 3600 km from the ne
Page 85 and 86: POLITICAL RELATIONS Generally recog
Page 87 and 88:
The country’s two major highways,
Page 89 and 90:
TURKMENISTAN With direct access to
Page 91 and 92:
Ports and Waterways Turkmenistan ha
Page 93 and 94:
Domestic transport is hampered by t
Page 95 and 96:
MOLDOVA Although the former Soviet
Page 97 and 98:
MONGOLIA As the landlocked country
Page 99 and 100:
CAUCASUS TRANSIT ROUTES OF THE CAUC
Page 101 and 102:
ARMENIA While Armenia’s central g
Page 103 and 104:
With the closure of the Turkish and
Page 105 and 106:
worse (World Bank 2000). In fact, w
Page 107 and 108:
ASIA - SOUTH & SOUTH-EAST TRANSIT R
Page 109 and 110:
With the exception of western Afric
Page 111 and 112:
and exports pass through the port p
Page 113 and 114:
Khai (at the Thai-Laos border) to t
Page 115 and 116:
NEPAL Due to the Himalayan range to
Page 117 and 118:
More recently, India delayed the au
Page 119 and 120:
links to the railways of Argentina,
Page 121 and 122:
developing the nation’s road infr
Page 123 and 124:
PARAGUAY Dependent primarily on tra
Page 125 and 126:
BOPS Break Bulk CAN CAR CEEAC/ECCAS
Page 127 and 128:
GENERAL ADB (2002). Annual Report 2
Page 129 and 130:
United Nations General Assembly (20
Page 131 and 132:
BOTSWANA CountryWatch (2003). Botsw
Page 133 and 134:
EIU (2002). Malawi Country Profile
Page 135 and 136:
ZAMBIA Chikoti, V. (?). Overview of
Page 137 and 138:
AFRICA - CENTRAL AND EASTERN BURUND
Page 139 and 140:
EIU (2002). Ethiopia Country Report
Page 141 and 142:
Mutumba-Lule, A. (2001). 17 Firms V
Page 143 and 144:
- 138 -
Page 145 and 146:
Jean-Bertin, O. (2002). Burkina Fas
Page 147 and 148:
Evlo, K. (1995). Transit Transport
Page 149 and 150:
ASIA - CENTRAL United Nations (1994
Page 151 and 152:
UNESCAP (2002). Afghanistan: Status
Page 153 and 154:
EIU (2001). Railways in Kyrgyz Repu
Page 155 and 156:
Spiegel Online (2002). Moldawien, S
Page 157 and 158:
USDA FSA (2002). Tajikistan Shippin
Page 159 and 160:
CAUCASUS ARMENIA Armenia Foreign Mi
Page 161 and 162:
World Bank (2000). Project Appraisa
Page 163 and 164:
World Audit (2001). World Democracy
Page 165 and 166:
MONGOLIA Canning, D. (1998). A Data
Page 167 and 168:
WDI (2002). World Development Indic
Page 169 and 170:
UN DHA (1997). Paraguay El Niño Fl
Page 171 and 172:
Map 1
Page 173 and 174:
Table 2: Human Development - Rankin
Page 175 and 176:
Table 4: Exports per Capita (2000 c
Page 177 and 178:
Figure 1: Human Development Indicat
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