the challenges facing landlocked developing countries: a case study ...

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El. Badawy, E. S. (1982). "Transportation and its Relation to Natural Resources in West Africa." Cairo University Institute of African Research and Studies Occasional Paper 16. EUI (2002). Country Report Mali 2002. London, Economist Intelligence Unit. Evlo, K. (1995). Transit Transport Systems in West and Central Africa. Geneva, UNCTAD. UNCTAD/LDC/94. IMF (2002). Mali: Selected Issues and Statistical Annex. Washington, International Monetary Fund. IMF Country Report No. 02/1. Piot, C. (2000). Placing the Local at the Millennium: Thoughts on an African Postcolony. Place, Locality and Globalization, UC Santa Cruz, Duke University: Department of Cultural Anthropology. World Bank (2002). Mali - Supplemental Credit for the Transport Sector Project. Washington, World Bank. 23864. - 143 -
ASIA - CENTRAL United Nations (1994). Transit Transport Systems of the Newly Independent and Developing Land-locked States in Central Asia and their Transit Developing Neighbors: Current Situation and Proposals for Future Action. New York, UN General Assembly. A/49/277. UNESCAP (2001). Review of Developments in Transport and Communication in the ESCAP region 1996 – 2001: Asia and the Pacific. United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific, ST/ESCAP/2157. UNESCAP (2003). The Asian Highway Homepage, United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific Transport and Tourism Division, http://www.unescap.org/tctd/ah/ AFGHANISTAN AACA (2002). Afghanistan- Emergency Transport Rehabilitation. Afghanistan, Ministry of Public Works, Min. of Civil Aviation & Tourism: Afghanistan Assistance Coordination Agency (AACA). PID11352. AFP (2002). Second Child dies from Afghan tunnel ordeal- Officials, Relief Web: Agence France-Presse, 8 February 2002. BBC (2002). Pakistan renews Afghan duty-free trade, BBC. 14 May 2002. Business Week (2001). Dark days for a Black Market: Afghanistan and Pakistan Rely heavily on smuggling, Business Week magazine, 15 October 2001. CCC (2002). Pakistan-Afghanistan Relations Rough Neighbors, Center for Contemporary Conflict (CCC), http://www.ccc.nps.navy.mil/rsepResources/si/jan03/southAsia.asp. CNN (2002). Afghan rail plan among proposals for donors, CNN, http://europe.cnn.com/2002/world/asiapcf/east/01/21/afghan.rail/. CountryWatch (2002). Afghanistan Foreign Relations, CountryWatch. DAWN (2001). Exporters reluctant to trade with Afghanistan, The DAWN Group of Newspapers, http://www.dawn.com/2001/09/29/nat16.htm. EIU (2002). Afghanistan Country Profile. London, The Economist Intelligence Unit. EIU (2002). Afghanistan Country Report. London, The Economist Intelligence Unit. Asia Transport Hub (2002). Pakistan Infrastructure Ports, Asia Trade Hub VYAPAARASIA, http://www.asiatradehub.com/pakistan/ports.asp. - 144 -
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THE CHALLENGES FACING LANDLOCKED DE
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to link to global markets. In doing
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TABLE OF CONTENTS EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
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PART 1: INTRODUCTION AND BACKGROUND
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First, landlocked countries are dep
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together a wide variety of sources,
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infrastructure. In these cases the
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1.2.3. VULNERABILITY TO CIVIL CONFL
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the Central African Republic - Came
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1.3 INDICATORS OF DEVELOPMENT 1.3.1
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• The southern African landlocked
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PART 2: COUNTRY CASE STUDIES - 18 -
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Internal transport networks in the
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Ports Although Botswana’s geograp
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POLITICAL RELATIONS Lesotho’s int
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elatively better quality than most
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SWAZILAND Despite being landlocked,
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ZAMBIA While Zambia shares its bord
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Relations with South Africa have be
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Zimbabwe’s extensive rail network
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TRANSIT ROUTES OF ETHIOPIA The land
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UGANDA Uganda’s location allows i
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POLITICAL RELATIONS The formation o
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section on Uganda. The Central Corr
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BURUNDI In addition to lying over 1
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In 1996, after Major Pierre Buyoya
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Recognizing the dramatic effects th
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AFRICA - WESTERN TRANSIT ROUTES OF
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of transit. In fact, the landlocked
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only hindering normal road traffic
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CENTRAL AFRICAN REPUBLIC With only
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Relations with the eastern neighbor
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TRANSPORT INFRASTRUCTURE Road While
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MALI Upon declaring independence in
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Finally, and most importantly for M
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TRANSPORTATION INFRASTRUCTURE Road
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ASIA - CENTRAL TRANSIT ROUTES OF CE
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TRANSIT ROUTES OF MONGOLIA As part
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AFGHANISTAN Two decades of war, har
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Afghanistan, the first by an Irania
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Iran, Pakistan and Turkey constrain
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KYRGYZSTAN Over 3600 km from the ne
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POLITICAL RELATIONS Generally recog
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The country’s two major highways,
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TURKMENISTAN With direct access to
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Ports and Waterways Turkmenistan ha
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Domestic transport is hampered by t
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MOLDOVA Although the former Soviet
Page 97 and 98: MONGOLIA As the landlocked country
Page 99 and 100: CAUCASUS TRANSIT ROUTES OF THE CAUC
Page 101 and 102: ARMENIA While Armenia’s central g
Page 103 and 104: With the closure of the Turkish and
Page 105 and 106: worse (World Bank 2000). In fact, w
Page 107 and 108: ASIA - SOUTH & SOUTH-EAST TRANSIT R
Page 109 and 110: With the exception of western Afric
Page 111 and 112: and exports pass through the port p
Page 113 and 114: Khai (at the Thai-Laos border) to t
Page 115 and 116: NEPAL Due to the Himalayan range to
Page 117 and 118: More recently, India delayed the au
Page 119 and 120: links to the railways of Argentina,
Page 121 and 122: developing the nation’s road infr
Page 123 and 124: PARAGUAY Dependent primarily on tra
Page 125 and 126: BOPS Break Bulk CAN CAR CEEAC/ECCAS
Page 127 and 128: GENERAL ADB (2002). Annual Report 2
Page 129 and 130: United Nations General Assembly (20
Page 131 and 132: BOTSWANA CountryWatch (2003). Botsw
Page 133 and 134: EIU (2002). Malawi Country Profile
Page 135 and 136: ZAMBIA Chikoti, V. (?). Overview of
Page 137 and 138: AFRICA - CENTRAL AND EASTERN BURUND
Page 139 and 140: EIU (2002). Ethiopia Country Report
Page 141 and 142: Mutumba-Lule, A. (2001). 17 Firms V
Page 143 and 144: - 138 -
Page 145 and 146: Jean-Bertin, O. (2002). Burkina Fas
Page 147: Evlo, K. (1995). Transit Transport
Page 151 and 152: UNESCAP (2002). Afghanistan: Status
Page 153 and 154: EIU (2001). Railways in Kyrgyz Repu
Page 155 and 156: Spiegel Online (2002). Moldawien, S
Page 157 and 158: USDA FSA (2002). Tajikistan Shippin
Page 159 and 160: CAUCASUS ARMENIA Armenia Foreign Mi
Page 161 and 162: World Bank (2000). Project Appraisa
Page 163 and 164: World Audit (2001). World Democracy
Page 165 and 166: MONGOLIA Canning, D. (1998). A Data
Page 167 and 168: WDI (2002). World Development Indic
Page 169 and 170: UN DHA (1997). Paraguay El Niño Fl
Page 171 and 172: Map 1
Page 173 and 174: Table 2: Human Development - Rankin
Page 175 and 176: Table 4: Exports per Capita (2000 c
Page 177 and 178: Figure 1: Human Development Indicat
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