the challenges facing landlocked developing countries: a case study ...

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Table 5: Degree of Landlockedness Measure of Distance Proportion TC's of paved proportion of roads paved roads (index) (index) Paved Road Quality (index) Paved Road Quality of Neighbours (index) Normalized Measures of Civil and External Conflict (1981-2001) TC's TC's Length & length & Length & length & TC's length Length & severity of severity of severity of severity of & severity of severity of external external civil conflict (index) civil conflict civil conflict (index) external conflict conflict (index) conflict (index) Country Freight Costs (index) Export volume (index) Distance to Port (km) Afghanistan 0.38 1960 0.01 1.00 0.28 0.76 0.57 0.88 0.97 Armenia 0.51 0.08 693 0.36 0.00 0.78 0.00 0.29 0.74 0.60 Azerbaijan 0.92 0.15 870 0.70 0.52 0.88 0.29 0.74 1.00 Burundi 0.47 0.00 1254 0.37 0.16 0.72 0.49 0.81 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Burkina Faso 0.54 0.01 1154 0.41 0.68 0.48 0.12 0.19 0.02 0.19 0.14 0.59 Bolivia 0.64 0.16 414 0.07 0.22 0.44 0.16 0.00 0.26 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Bhutan 775 0.00 0.00 0.97 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Botswana 0.75 1.00 905 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.00 0.91 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Central African Republic 0.55 0.03 1518 0.01 0.00 0.53 0.27 0.00 0.01 0.00 0.02 0.21 0.82 Ethiopia 0.50 0.00 781 0.33 0.36 0.69 0.74 0.98 0.06 0.46 0.55 0.87 Kazakhstan 0.96 0.47 3750 0.61 0.07 0.00 0.22 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Kyrgyzstan 0.81 0.10 3600 0.61 0.07 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.05 0.36 0.74 Laos 0.89 0.07 620 0.63 0.61 0.46 0.06 0.46 0.07 0.44 0.45 Lesotho 0.81 0.10 575 0.36 1.00 0.72 0.19 0.91 0.99 0.00 0.00 0.00 Moldova 0.86 0.15 170 1.00 0.33 0.02 0.19 0.00 0.00 0.00 Mali 0.38 0.04 1225 0.36 0.41 0.81 0.47 0.33 0.08 0.51 0.02 0.21 0.60 Mongolia 0.75 0.22 1693 0.45 0.61 0.07 0.00 0.22 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Malawi 0.00 0.03 803 0.40 0.21 0.76 0.34 0.00 0.46 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Niger 0.52 0.02 1057 0.52 0.84 0.73 0.37 0.00 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Nepal 0.95 0.04 1160 0.95 0.58 0.00 0.54 0.97 1.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Paraguay 0.73 0.34 1022 0.30 0.87 0.16 0.19 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Rwanda 0.08 0.00 1867 0.11 0.26 0.62 0.23 0.84 0.51 0.87 0.36 0.78 0.58 Swaziland 1.00 0.89 193 0.65 0.51 0.52 0.19 0.00 0.92 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Chad 0.08 0.02 1669 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.27 0.62 0.01 0.06 0.98 0.99 0.21 Tajikistan 0.09 3100 0.61 0.07 0.67 0.50 0.87 0.43 0.82 0.83 Turkmenistan 0.77 0.27 1700 0.00 0.76 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Uganda 0.39 0.02 1187 0.34 0.16 0.40 0.47 1.00 0.15 0.64 0.26 0.72 0.56 Uzbekistan 0.12 2950 0.00 1.00 0.00 0.29 0.74 0.89 Zambia 0.72 0.07 1975 0.40 0.47 0.55 0.91 0.00 0.38 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Zimbabwe 0.76 0.20 464 0.36 0.72 0.86 0.82 0.00 0.61 0.00 0.26 0.72 0.68 TC = Transit Country Normalized Measures of Trade Normalized Measures of Infrastructure Quality Note: All variables, except distance to port, have been nornalized to a 0-1 scale with 1 as the "best" score Sources: Trade Data: IMF BOPS (2001), WDI (2002) Distance Data: Various Infrastructure Data: Canning (World Bank) (2002) Conflict Data: PRIO (2002)
Figure 1: Human Development Indicator (HDI): Landlocked Countries vs. their Regional Neighbours Ratio of Country HDI / Average Regional HDI 1.2 1 .8 .6 Uganda Rwanda Ethiopia Mali CAR Chad Burkina Faso Burundi East Africa (0.42) Niger West Africa (0.44) Swaziland Botswana Zimbabwe Lesotho Zambia Malawi Southern Africa (0.51) Bhutan Nepal Laos East Asia (0.56) Average Regional HDI Belarus Armenia Kazakhstan Turkmenistan Azerbaijan Uzbekistan Kyrgyzstan Moldova Paraguay Tajikistan Mongolia Central Asia (0.74) Bolivia South America (0.77) Figure 2: Exports per Capita: Landlocked Countries vs. their Regional Neighbours 3 a Ratio of Exports/capita of landlocked country to the regional average exports/capita 2 1 0 Uganda Swaziland Kazakhstan Turkmenistan Azerbaijan Mongolia Rwanda Zimbabwe Ethiopia Moldova Uzbekistan Lesotho Tajikistan Burundi Mali Zambia Armenia Central African Nepal Kyrgyzstan Chad Niger Malawi Burkina Faso Southern Africa ($367.2) Eastern Asia ($327.9) Paraguay Bolivia Eastern Africa ($37.0) Western Africa ($217.1) Southern America ($ 667.5) Central Asia ($381.9) Exports per capita (US$), by region
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THE CHALLENGES FACING LANDLOCKED DE
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to link to global markets. In doing
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TABLE OF CONTENTS EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
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PART 1: INTRODUCTION AND BACKGROUND
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First, landlocked countries are dep
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together a wide variety of sources,
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infrastructure. In these cases the
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1.2.3. VULNERABILITY TO CIVIL CONFL
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the Central African Republic - Came
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1.3 INDICATORS OF DEVELOPMENT 1.3.1
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• The southern African landlocked
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PART 2: COUNTRY CASE STUDIES - 18 -
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Internal transport networks in the
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Ports Although Botswana’s geograp
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POLITICAL RELATIONS Lesotho’s int
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elatively better quality than most
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SWAZILAND Despite being landlocked,
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ZAMBIA While Zambia shares its bord
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Relations with South Africa have be
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Zimbabwe’s extensive rail network
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TRANSIT ROUTES OF ETHIOPIA The land
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UGANDA Uganda’s location allows i
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POLITICAL RELATIONS The formation o
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section on Uganda. The Central Corr
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BURUNDI In addition to lying over 1
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In 1996, after Major Pierre Buyoya
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Recognizing the dramatic effects th
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AFRICA - WESTERN TRANSIT ROUTES OF
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of transit. In fact, the landlocked
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only hindering normal road traffic
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CENTRAL AFRICAN REPUBLIC With only
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Relations with the eastern neighbor
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TRANSPORT INFRASTRUCTURE Road While
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MALI Upon declaring independence in
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Finally, and most importantly for M
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TRANSPORTATION INFRASTRUCTURE Road
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ASIA - CENTRAL TRANSIT ROUTES OF CE
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TRANSIT ROUTES OF MONGOLIA As part
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AFGHANISTAN Two decades of war, har
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Afghanistan, the first by an Irania
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Iran, Pakistan and Turkey constrain
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KYRGYZSTAN Over 3600 km from the ne
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POLITICAL RELATIONS Generally recog
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The country’s two major highways,
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TURKMENISTAN With direct access to
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Ports and Waterways Turkmenistan ha
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Domestic transport is hampered by t
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MOLDOVA Although the former Soviet
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MONGOLIA As the landlocked country
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CAUCASUS TRANSIT ROUTES OF THE CAUC
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ARMENIA While Armenia’s central g
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With the closure of the Turkish and
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worse (World Bank 2000). In fact, w
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ASIA - SOUTH & SOUTH-EAST TRANSIT R
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With the exception of western Afric
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and exports pass through the port p
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Khai (at the Thai-Laos border) to t
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NEPAL Due to the Himalayan range to
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More recently, India delayed the au
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links to the railways of Argentina,
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developing the nation’s road infr
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PARAGUAY Dependent primarily on tra
Page 125 and 126: BOPS Break Bulk CAN CAR CEEAC/ECCAS
Page 127 and 128: GENERAL ADB (2002). Annual Report 2
Page 129 and 130: United Nations General Assembly (20
Page 131 and 132: BOTSWANA CountryWatch (2003). Botsw
Page 133 and 134: EIU (2002). Malawi Country Profile
Page 135 and 136: ZAMBIA Chikoti, V. (?). Overview of
Page 137 and 138: AFRICA - CENTRAL AND EASTERN BURUND
Page 139 and 140: EIU (2002). Ethiopia Country Report
Page 141 and 142: Mutumba-Lule, A. (2001). 17 Firms V
Page 143 and 144: - 138 -
Page 145 and 146: Jean-Bertin, O. (2002). Burkina Fas
Page 147 and 148: Evlo, K. (1995). Transit Transport
Page 149 and 150: ASIA - CENTRAL United Nations (1994
Page 151 and 152: UNESCAP (2002). Afghanistan: Status
Page 153 and 154: EIU (2001). Railways in Kyrgyz Repu
Page 155 and 156: Spiegel Online (2002). Moldawien, S
Page 157 and 158: USDA FSA (2002). Tajikistan Shippin
Page 159 and 160: CAUCASUS ARMENIA Armenia Foreign Mi
Page 161 and 162: World Bank (2000). Project Appraisa
Page 163 and 164: World Audit (2001). World Democracy
Page 165 and 166: MONGOLIA Canning, D. (1998). A Data
Page 167 and 168: WDI (2002). World Development Indic
Page 169 and 170: UN DHA (1997). Paraguay El Niño Fl
Page 171 and 172: Map 1
Page 173 and 174: Table 2: Human Development - Rankin
Page 175: Table 4: Exports per Capita (2000 c
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