the challenges facing landlocked developing countries: a case study ...

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have had improved relations following the signing of the Treaty on the Demarcation of Boundaries in 1994. Internationally, Laos is a member of the ASEAN Free Trade Agreement (AFTA), which allows the free movement of capital and is also expanding to include primary products. - 109 -
NEPAL Due to the Himalayan range to the north of the country limiting trade and contact with China, Nepal remains heavily dependent for both bilateral and transit trade upon its only other neighbor, India. India has had a strong role in Nepalese politics for many years, but since India’s 1990 trade blockade of Nepal was followed by the internal overthrow of the Nepalese panchayat government, many have questioned the degree to which Nepal is actually independent of India. One Indian commentator stated that Nepal only maintains an “image of independence.” (Spotlight, May 1991, as cited in Mishra (2002). A more recent example of this influence came in 2001 and 2002, when India placed restrictions on Nepalese trade while the two countries renegotiated trade treaties. Nepal often has little leverage in such negotiations due to its dependence on India for transit trade. Today, transit operations between India and Nepal are mainly governed by the Indo-Nepal Treaty of Transit, which was renewed in 2002 and assists in the development of multimodal transport systems to and from Nepal through India (Government of Nepal 2002). When blockades or restrictions are not in place, Nepal is able to use the good quality Indian rail network as well as several Indian road corridors to the ports of Calcutta and Haldia. 35 India has also recently agreed to provide facilities for Nepalese transit trade through Mumbai and Kandla in addition to the existing facilities at Calcutta and Haldia (UNCTAD 1999b). This India-Nepal transport network has recently been enhanced by the construction of three inland container depots (dry ports) on the border. They allow for the stuffing, customs clearance and loading of containers at the border so that there is only a modal change and no customs procedures at the land/sea port. BASIC INFORMATION HDI Rank: 142 GDP per capita 2000 (PPP$): $1,327 Exports per capita 2000 (current USD): $57 Distance to port: 1160km Transport cost ratio (2000): 0.05 Neighbors: China, India Primary transit countries: India Main trading partners (2001): Imports: India (44%), China (12%) Exports: United States (35%), India (34%) Primary Exports: Carpets Ready-made Garments Domestic Roads: poor Transit Country Roads: fair Domestic Rails: Transit Country Rails: While Nepal could potentially also transit through Bangladesh or China, these routes face serious limitations and are currently not used. The Bangladesh corridor would still require Nepalese trade to transit India, and routes through China are limited by the Himalayan mountains. However, potential Nepal – China routes are being investigated (WTNN 1995). fair good Transit Country Ports: fair Neighboring Civil Conflict: low Relations w/ Neighbors: poor 35 There are now a total of 15 transit routes available. - 110 -
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THE CHALLENGES FACING LANDLOCKED DE
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to link to global markets. In doing
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TABLE OF CONTENTS EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
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PART 1: INTRODUCTION AND BACKGROUND
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First, landlocked countries are dep
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together a wide variety of sources,
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infrastructure. In these cases the
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1.2.3. VULNERABILITY TO CIVIL CONFL
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the Central African Republic - Came
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1.3 INDICATORS OF DEVELOPMENT 1.3.1
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• The southern African landlocked
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PART 2: COUNTRY CASE STUDIES - 18 -
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Internal transport networks in the
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Ports Although Botswana’s geograp
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POLITICAL RELATIONS Lesotho’s int
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elatively better quality than most
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SWAZILAND Despite being landlocked,
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ZAMBIA While Zambia shares its bord
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Relations with South Africa have be
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Zimbabwe’s extensive rail network
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TRANSIT ROUTES OF ETHIOPIA The land
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UGANDA Uganda’s location allows i
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POLITICAL RELATIONS The formation o
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section on Uganda. The Central Corr
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BURUNDI In addition to lying over 1
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In 1996, after Major Pierre Buyoya
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Recognizing the dramatic effects th
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AFRICA - WESTERN TRANSIT ROUTES OF
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of transit. In fact, the landlocked
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only hindering normal road traffic
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CENTRAL AFRICAN REPUBLIC With only
Page 63 and 64: Relations with the eastern neighbor
Page 65 and 66: TRANSPORT INFRASTRUCTURE Road While
Page 67 and 68: MALI Upon declaring independence in
Page 69 and 70: Finally, and most importantly for M
Page 71 and 72: TRANSPORTATION INFRASTRUCTURE Road
Page 73 and 74: ASIA - CENTRAL TRANSIT ROUTES OF CE
Page 75 and 76: TRANSIT ROUTES OF MONGOLIA As part
Page 77 and 78: AFGHANISTAN Two decades of war, har
Page 79 and 80: Afghanistan, the first by an Irania
Page 81 and 82: Iran, Pakistan and Turkey constrain
Page 83 and 84: KYRGYZSTAN Over 3600 km from the ne
Page 85 and 86: POLITICAL RELATIONS Generally recog
Page 87 and 88: The country’s two major highways,
Page 89 and 90: TURKMENISTAN With direct access to
Page 91 and 92: Ports and Waterways Turkmenistan ha
Page 93 and 94: Domestic transport is hampered by t
Page 95 and 96: MOLDOVA Although the former Soviet
Page 97 and 98: MONGOLIA As the landlocked country
Page 99 and 100: CAUCASUS TRANSIT ROUTES OF THE CAUC
Page 101 and 102: ARMENIA While Armenia’s central g
Page 103 and 104: With the closure of the Turkish and
Page 105 and 106: worse (World Bank 2000). In fact, w
Page 107 and 108: ASIA - SOUTH & SOUTH-EAST TRANSIT R
Page 109 and 110: With the exception of western Afric
Page 111 and 112: and exports pass through the port p
Page 113: Khai (at the Thai-Laos border) to t
Page 117 and 118: More recently, India delayed the au
Page 119 and 120: links to the railways of Argentina,
Page 121 and 122: developing the nation’s road infr
Page 123 and 124: PARAGUAY Dependent primarily on tra
Page 125 and 126: BOPS Break Bulk CAN CAR CEEAC/ECCAS
Page 127 and 128: GENERAL ADB (2002). Annual Report 2
Page 129 and 130: United Nations General Assembly (20
Page 131 and 132: BOTSWANA CountryWatch (2003). Botsw
Page 133 and 134: EIU (2002). Malawi Country Profile
Page 135 and 136: ZAMBIA Chikoti, V. (?). Overview of
Page 137 and 138: AFRICA - CENTRAL AND EASTERN BURUND
Page 139 and 140: EIU (2002). Ethiopia Country Report
Page 141 and 142: Mutumba-Lule, A. (2001). 17 Firms V
Page 143 and 144: - 138 -
Page 145 and 146: Jean-Bertin, O. (2002). Burkina Fas
Page 147 and 148: Evlo, K. (1995). Transit Transport
Page 149 and 150: ASIA - CENTRAL United Nations (1994
Page 151 and 152: UNESCAP (2002). Afghanistan: Status
Page 153 and 154: EIU (2001). Railways in Kyrgyz Repu
Page 155 and 156: Spiegel Online (2002). Moldawien, S
Page 157 and 158: USDA FSA (2002). Tajikistan Shippin
Page 159 and 160: CAUCASUS ARMENIA Armenia Foreign Mi
Page 161 and 162: World Bank (2000). Project Appraisa
Page 163 and 164: World Audit (2001). World Democracy
Page 165 and 166:
MONGOLIA Canning, D. (1998). A Data
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WDI (2002). World Development Indic
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UN DHA (1997). Paraguay El Niño Fl
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Map 1
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Table 2: Human Development - Rankin
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Table 4: Exports per Capita (2000 c
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Figure 1: Human Development Indicat
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