the challenges facing landlocked developing countries: a case study ...

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CAUCASUS ................................................................................................................. 94 Armenia................................................................................................................. 96 Azerbaijan............................................................................................................. 99 ASIA – SOUTH & SOUTH-EAST ................................................................................ 102 Bhutan................................................................................................................. 105 Laos..................................................................................................................... 107 Nepal................................................................................................................... 110 SOUTH AMERICA...................................................................................................... 113 Bolivia................................................................................................................. 115 Paraguay.............................................................................................................. 118 GLOSSARY .................................................................................................................. 120 BIBLIOGRAPHY........................................................................................................... 121 GENERAL ................................................................................................................. 122 AFRICA – SOUTHERN ............................................................................................... 125 AFRICA - CENTRAL AND EASTERN ........................................................................... 132 AFRICA - WESTERN.................................................................................................. 139 ASIA - CENTRAL ...................................................................................................... 144 CAUCASUS ............................................................................................................... 154 ASIA - EASTERN....................................................................................................... 159 SOUTH AMERICA...................................................................................................... 163 APPENDICES................................................................................................................ 165 - 5 -
PART 1: INTRODUCTION AND BACKGROUND As by means of water-carriage a more extensive market is opened to every sort of industry than what land-carriage alone can afford it, so it is upon the sea-coast, and along the banks of navigable rivers, that industry of every kind naturally begins to subdivide and improve itself, and it is frequently not till a long time after that those improvements extend themselves to the inland parts of the country. (Adam Smith, Wealth of Nations I.3.3) - 2 -
Page 1 and 2: THE CHALLENGES FACING LANDLOCKED DE
Page 3 and 4: to link to global markets. In doing
Page 5: TABLE OF CONTENTS EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
Page 9 and 10: First, landlocked countries are dep
Page 11 and 12: together a wide variety of sources,
Page 13 and 14: infrastructure. In these cases the
Page 15 and 16: 1.2.3. VULNERABILITY TO CIVIL CONFL
Page 17 and 18: the Central African Republic - Came
Page 19 and 20: 1.3 INDICATORS OF DEVELOPMENT 1.3.1
Page 21 and 22: • The southern African landlocked
Page 23 and 24: PART 2: COUNTRY CASE STUDIES - 18 -
Page 25 and 26: Internal transport networks in the
Page 27 and 28: Ports Although Botswana’s geograp
Page 29 and 30: POLITICAL RELATIONS Lesotho’s int
Page 31 and 32: elatively better quality than most
Page 33 and 34: SWAZILAND Despite being landlocked,
Page 35 and 36: ZAMBIA While Zambia shares its bord
Page 37 and 38: Relations with South Africa have be
Page 39 and 40: Zimbabwe’s extensive rail network
Page 41 and 42: TRANSIT ROUTES OF ETHIOPIA The land
Page 43 and 44: UGANDA Uganda’s location allows i
Page 45 and 46: POLITICAL RELATIONS The formation o
Page 47 and 48: section on Uganda. The Central Corr
Page 49 and 50: BURUNDI In addition to lying over 1
Page 51 and 52: In 1996, after Major Pierre Buyoya
Page 53 and 54: Recognizing the dramatic effects th
Page 55 and 56: AFRICA - WESTERN TRANSIT ROUTES OF
Page 57 and 58:
of transit. In fact, the landlocked
Page 59 and 60:
only hindering normal road traffic
Page 61 and 62:
CENTRAL AFRICAN REPUBLIC With only
Page 63 and 64:
Relations with the eastern neighbor
Page 65 and 66:
TRANSPORT INFRASTRUCTURE Road While
Page 67 and 68:
MALI Upon declaring independence in
Page 69 and 70:
Finally, and most importantly for M
Page 71 and 72:
TRANSPORTATION INFRASTRUCTURE Road
Page 73 and 74:
ASIA - CENTRAL TRANSIT ROUTES OF CE
Page 75 and 76:
TRANSIT ROUTES OF MONGOLIA As part
Page 77 and 78:
AFGHANISTAN Two decades of war, har
Page 79 and 80:
Afghanistan, the first by an Irania
Page 81 and 82:
Iran, Pakistan and Turkey constrain
Page 83 and 84:
KYRGYZSTAN Over 3600 km from the ne
Page 85 and 86:
POLITICAL RELATIONS Generally recog
Page 87 and 88:
The country’s two major highways,
Page 89 and 90:
TURKMENISTAN With direct access to
Page 91 and 92:
Ports and Waterways Turkmenistan ha
Page 93 and 94:
Domestic transport is hampered by t
Page 95 and 96:
MOLDOVA Although the former Soviet
Page 97 and 98:
MONGOLIA As the landlocked country
Page 99 and 100:
CAUCASUS TRANSIT ROUTES OF THE CAUC
Page 101 and 102:
ARMENIA While Armenia’s central g
Page 103 and 104:
With the closure of the Turkish and
Page 105 and 106:
worse (World Bank 2000). In fact, w
Page 107 and 108:
ASIA - SOUTH & SOUTH-EAST TRANSIT R
Page 109 and 110:
With the exception of western Afric
Page 111 and 112:
and exports pass through the port p
Page 113 and 114:
Khai (at the Thai-Laos border) to t
Page 115 and 116:
NEPAL Due to the Himalayan range to
Page 117 and 118:
More recently, India delayed the au
Page 119 and 120:
links to the railways of Argentina,
Page 121 and 122:
developing the nation’s road infr
Page 123 and 124:
PARAGUAY Dependent primarily on tra
Page 125 and 126:
BOPS Break Bulk CAN CAR CEEAC/ECCAS
Page 127 and 128:
GENERAL ADB (2002). Annual Report 2
Page 129 and 130:
United Nations General Assembly (20
Page 131 and 132:
BOTSWANA CountryWatch (2003). Botsw
Page 133 and 134:
EIU (2002). Malawi Country Profile
Page 135 and 136:
ZAMBIA Chikoti, V. (?). Overview of
Page 137 and 138:
AFRICA - CENTRAL AND EASTERN BURUND
Page 139 and 140:
EIU (2002). Ethiopia Country Report
Page 141 and 142:
Mutumba-Lule, A. (2001). 17 Firms V
Page 143 and 144:
- 138 -
Page 145 and 146:
Jean-Bertin, O. (2002). Burkina Fas
Page 147 and 148:
Evlo, K. (1995). Transit Transport
Page 149 and 150:
ASIA - CENTRAL United Nations (1994
Page 151 and 152:
UNESCAP (2002). Afghanistan: Status
Page 153 and 154:
EIU (2001). Railways in Kyrgyz Repu
Page 155 and 156:
Spiegel Online (2002). Moldawien, S
Page 157 and 158:
USDA FSA (2002). Tajikistan Shippin
Page 159 and 160:
CAUCASUS ARMENIA Armenia Foreign Mi
Page 161 and 162:
World Bank (2000). Project Appraisa
Page 163 and 164:
World Audit (2001). World Democracy
Page 165 and 166:
MONGOLIA Canning, D. (1998). A Data
Page 167 and 168:
WDI (2002). World Development Indic
Page 169 and 170:
UN DHA (1997). Paraguay El Niño Fl
Page 171 and 172:
Map 1
Page 173 and 174:
Table 2: Human Development - Rankin
Page 175 and 176:
Table 4: Exports per Capita (2000 c
Page 177 and 178:
Figure 1: Human Development Indicat
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